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. 2023 Oct 24;14:1263500. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1263500

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Copyright © 2023 Yee, Hauser, Petrocelli, de Hart, Ferrara, Bombyck, Fennel, van Onselen, Mookerjee, Funai, Symons and Drummond.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gene expression of the gastrocnemius muscle at baseline, HU, and RL4. The following atrophy-related genes were accessed: (A) MuRF1, (B) Foxo3a, (C) Fbxo32, and (D) Klf15. Pro-inflammatory-related genes (E) IL-6, (F) TNF-α, (G) NF-κB1, and (H) CCL2 were examined. The following anti-inflammatory-related genes were evaluated: (I) IGF-1, (J) IL-10, (K) VEGFc, and (L) TGF-β1. Metabolism-related genes accessed are as follows: (M) PFKP, (N) LDHA, (O) COX2, and (P) HK2. All individual data points are presented as mean ± SEM. A two-way ANOVA was used. A Sidak’s multiple comparisons test was used when an interaction was detected. Panels A–F contain n = 4–11.