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. 2023 Oct 23;14:1271118. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271118

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Copyright © 2023 Anders, Elwood, Kardon and Gramlich

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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ACF immunomodulatory properties on activated splenocytes. (A) ACF demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in the proliferation of splenocytes from EAE mice that were restimulated with MOG_33-55 (shaded gray bars) and similar immunomodulatory effects on PMA/Iono (black bars)- or CD3/28 beads (gray bars)-stimulated naïve splenocytes (B). Examination of changes in HIF-1 pathway-relevant genes revealed target engagement in stimulated naïve splenocytes with a dose-dependent downregulation of Hif1-a (C), Vegf (D), and Glut1 (E) expression. Furthermore, ACF facilitated blocking of UPR, evident by the downregulation of eIF2a (F) and Atf4 (G) expression, and negatively affected Stat5 expression in a dose-dependent manner (H).