Table 1.
Stigma and discrimination prevalence and association with pain in BMS .
| BMS stigma internalization |
BMS discrimination |
Racialized discrimination |
Gender stigma consciousness |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average | Alienation | Discrimination experience | Social withdrawal | Stigma resistance | ||||
| Prevalence (% any) | 93.75% | 75.00% | 18.75% | 62.50% | 18.75% | 81.30% | 25.00% | 87.50% |
| Clinical pain | ||||||||
| Severity | .615* | .471 | .378 | .633** | .550* | –.059 | .100 | –.085 |
| Interference | .598* | .449 | .427 | .609* | .463 | –.050 | .068 | –.067 |
| Burning pain intensity | ||||||||
| Morning | .530* | .741** | .006 | .004 | –.014 | .156 | –.054 | –.118 |
| Afternoon | .427 | .294 | –.134 | –.022 | –.019 | .021 | –.202 | –.115 |
| Burning pain unpleasantness | ||||||||
| Morning | .728** | .770** | .104 | .003 | –.167 | .117 | .041 | .161 |
| Afternoon | .577* | .390 | –.083 | –.075 | –.083 | –.065 | –.089 | .035 |
| Neuropathic pain components | .053 | .121 | –.139 | .053 | .180 | –.117 | –.016 | –.276 |
| Sensory detection thresholds | ||||||||
| Warm | ||||||||
| Cheek | ||||||||
| Morning | .077 | .092 | –.093 | .012 | .414 | .087 | .594* | –.406 |
| Afternoon | –.004 | –.001 | –.015 | –.010 | .030 | –.477 | –.060 | –.455 |
| Arm | ||||||||
| Morning | –.580* | –.614* | –.460 | –.486 | –.207 | –.222 | –.420 | –.129 |
| Afternoon | –.425 | –.532* | –.399 | –.306 | .000 | –.049 | –.104 | –.218 |
| Cool | ||||||||
| Cheek | ||||||||
| Morning | –.283 | –.302 | –.343 | –.175 | –.022 | .304 | –.136 | –.183 |
| Afternoon | .542* | .561 | .378 | .502 | .239 | –.203 | –.169 | –.056 |
| Arm | ||||||||
| Morning | .128 | .167 | .261 | .097 | –.298 | –.173 | –.019 | .066 |
| Afternoon | .036 | .012 | .182 | .075 | –.315 | –.049 | –.082 | –.014 |
| Pain thresholds | ||||||||
| Heat | ||||||||
| Cheek | ||||||||
| Morning | –.137 | .018 | –.263 | –.166 | –.012 | –.088 | –.053 | –.599* |
| Afternoon | .114 | .237 | –.052 | .041 | .178 | –.259 | –.015 | –.696** |
| Arm | ||||||||
| Morning | –.203 | –.003 | –.160 | –.312 | –.218 | –.024 | –.034 | –.218 |
| Afternoon | .005 | .102 | .047 | –.044 | –.175 | –.070 | –.140 | –.439 |
| Pressure | ||||||||
| Thumb | ||||||||
| Morning | .264 | .262 | .092 | .320 | .120 | .296 | –.382 | –.101 |
| Afternoon | .336 | .459 | .023 | .339 | .152 | .289 | –.451 | –.141 |
| Elbow | ||||||||
| Morning | .297 | .229 | .191 | .394 | .039 | .299 | –.445 | .046 |
| Afternoon | .266 | .349 | .007 | .328 | .027 | .189 | –.555* | –.178 |
| Masseter | ||||||||
| Morning | .349 | .314 | .148 | .414 | .202 | .508* | –.330 | .072 |
| Afternoon | –.104 | –.261 | –.296 | .046 | .407 | .171 | –.204 | .042 |
| Temporalis | ||||||||
| Morning | .390 | .359 | .194 | .438 | .214 | .526* | –.309 | .104 |
| Afternoon | .388 | .386 | .101 | .417 | .296 | .556* | –.272 | .119 |
| Suprathreshold pain | ||||||||
| Intensity | ||||||||
| Morning | –.030 | –.112 | .103 | –.006 | –.103 | –.021 | .208 | .114 |
| Afternoon | –.109 | –.163 | –.134 | –.022 | –.019 | –.202 | .021 | –.188 |
| Unpleasantness | ||||||||
| Morning | –.027 | –.098 | .142 | –.001 | –.204 | .053 | .134 | .290 |
| Afternoon | –.157 | –.208 | –.084 | –.075 | –.202 | –.089 | –.065 | .103 |
| Pain 6 | .055 | –.012 | .305 | .074 | –.368 | –.039 | –.055 | .037 |
Abbreviation: BMS = burning mouth syndrome.
*
P < 0.05.
**
P < 0.01.
Unless otherwise noted, values represent effect sizes of the simple bivariate associations (point-biserial correlations in the case of dichotomous discrimination variables; Pearson product moment correlations otherwise).
Clinical pain was assessed with the Brief Pain Inventory (Clinical Pain Severity and Interference), Pain DETECT (neuropathic pain components), and face-valid items probing BMS symptoms (burning pain intensity and unpleasantness). Quantitative sensory testing methods were used to assess sensory detection thresholds, pain thresholds, and suprathreshold pain.