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. 2023 Nov 7;6:0234. doi: 10.34133/research.0234

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

(A) Schematic of the printing process of FDM. Reproduced with permission from [79]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (B) Demonstration of some 4D-printed models: (i) Kungfu Panda and (ii) “Bird's Nest”. Reproduced with permission from [67]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (C) Schematic of the printing process of DIW. Reproduced with permission from [79]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (D) (i) Macroscopic shape memory behavior of the 4D-printed stent within 0.5 s and (ii) shape recovery process in the tube. Reproduced with permission from [73]. Copyright 2019 Wiley-VCH. (E) Schematic of the printing process of inkjet printing. Reproduced with permission from [74]. Copyright 2019 IntechOpen. (F) Inkjet-printing biomaterial inks by different layouts and patterns resulted in various kinds of self-folded 3D microstructures: (i) groove and ridge-like scaffold, (ii) porous hollow sphere, and (iii) hollow sphere. Reproduced with permission from [78]. Copyright 2020 IOP Publishing. (G) Schematic of the printing process of SLA. Reproduced with permission from [79]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (H) Complex structures printed using SLA: (i) a model cardiovascular stent, (ii) an Eiffel Tower model, and (iii) a bird. Reproduced with permission from [80]. Copyright 2016 Wiley-VCH.