Table.
Research progress of 4D-printed SMPs in various fields.
| Application | Materials | Actuation methods | Printing method | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vascular stent | PLA/Fe3O4 | Magnetic drive | DIW | [72] |
| Bone tissue engineering | PLA/Fe3O4 | Magnetic drive | FDM | [162] |
| PU/nHA | Thermal drive | DIW | [119] | |
| Occluder | PEG/PLA/BaSO4 | Thermal drive | FDM | [163] |
| Tracheal stent | PCL | Thermal drive | SLA | [164] |
| PLA/ Fe3O4 | Magnetic drive | FDM | [165] | |
| Orbital stent | AuNPs/nHA/PU | Thermal drive | DIW | [114] |
| Intestinal stent | PEG/PLA | Thermal drive | FDM | [166] |
| Solar-panel array | FLX9895,RGD835 | Thermal drive | PolyJet | [167] |
| Antenna | PLA | Thermal drive | FDM | [134] |
| Deployable boom | PLA/MWCNTs | Thermal drive | FDM | [168] |
| Morphing wing flap | VeroClear | Electrical drive | Inkjet printing | [31] |
| Interactive Christmas tree and self-folding robot | PLA | Thermal drive | FDM | [169] |
| Conductive element | ESBO/BFDGE/CNF | Thermal drive | DIW | [170] |
| Temperature sensor | PCL | Thermal drive | SLA | [80] |
| Multitemperature sensing electrical safety device | Tert-butyl acrylate/PEGDA(or PEGDMA)/Cu | Thermal drive | DLP | [171] |
| Soft robot | LCE | Electrical drive | DIW | [172] |
| PLA/CB | Thermal drive | FDM | [173] | |
| Methacrylate | Thermal drive | PμSL | [47] | |
| PEU | Thermal drive | FDM | [174] | |
| Greenhouse covering device | VeroClear | Thermal drive | TPL | [48] |
| Smart textile | PLA | Thermal drive | FDM | [175] |
| Food | Purple sweet potato purees | Microwave dehydration | DIW | [176] |
| Smart wind turbine blade | PLA | Thermal drive | FDM | [177] |