. 2023 Nov 7;9(4):e12432. doi: 10.1002/trc2.12432

TABLE 3.

A detailed description of the 45 selected articles about cognitive abilities assessment in the MENA region.

	Tests used / battery	Country	Cognitive domain	Age and number	Language/dialect	Translation/adaptation	Norm data/cutoff	Limitations	Question of interest*
Fakhry (2013) ¹⁰⁰	MMSE, MTS, CDT	UAE	Not mentioned by authors	Age = 20–40, N = 60 bipolar patients, 30 controls	Not mentioned	NA	Cognitive impairment: MMSE < 25 MTS < 27	Psychotropic drugs’ effects on cognition could not be eliminated.	Q1
Khedr (2015) ⁵⁴	MES, MMSE	Egypt	Memory, executive function, orientation, recall, attention, calculation, language processing, and constructional praxis	Age = 30–60, ≥ 60, n = 691	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Normal: MES >75, MCI: MES= 62‐75, Dementia: MES<62 MMSE = 23/30 (Educated) MMSE =21/28 (illiterate)	No limitations reported by authors.	Q1
Darwish (2015) ⁴⁶	MoCA‐Arabic, RCFT, SDMT	Lebanon	Visual spatial memory, speed of processing	Age ≥30, n = 254	Arabic for instructions (unspecified dialect) Lebanese dialect for verbal fluency.	MoCA‐Arabic: previously translated RCFT: translation of instructions, revision, pilot testing on 10 subjects SDMT: translation of instructions, revision.	Cognitive impairment: MoCA ≤26 RCFT ≤5th percentile SDMT: not mentioned	‐MoCA cutoff values and items were not appropriate for the tested population. ‐MoCA scores do not consider years of education.	Q2
Chaaya (2016) ⁷⁴	A‐RUDAS	Lebanon	Memory (registration and recall), body orientation, praxis, drawing, judgment, and language	Age ≥65, n = 232 elderly	Classical Arabic	Translation by native speakers, pilot testing on 10 individuals	Dementia: A‐RUDAS ≤22	GMS (used for depression diagnosis) has not been separately validated in Arabic	Q4
Nielsen (2016) ¹⁰⁵	RUDAS, IQCODE	Lebanon	Body orientation, praxis, drawing, judgment, memory, language.	Age ≥65, n = 225 elderly	RUDAS: classical Arabic, IQCODE: Arabic (unspecified dialect)	Previously translated and validated	Dementia: RUDAS <23/30, IQCODE >3.34/5	‐Diagnosis was not supported by in‐depth neuropsychological testing or ancillary investigations. ‐Inclusion of participants from long‐term care settings. ‐RUDAS might need clinical expertise to perform the task.	Q4
Ibrahim (2016) ¹⁰¹	Arabic version of the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery	Egypt	Sensorimotor integration speed, attention, face memory, abstraction, mental flexibility, manual dexterity, visual object learning and memory, nonverbal reasoning, spatial orientation, social cognition, emotion recognition, working memory.	Age = 21–62, n = 258	Arabic (unspecified dialect)	Previously translated	NA, correlations between cognitive functions and antibody titers	‐Hepatic functions were not estimated ‐Urine analysis for illicit drugs was not performed ‐HIV infection was not screened	Q2
Al‐Momani (2016) ⁵⁶	MMSE‐Arabic	Jordan	Not mentioned by authors	Age = 18–100, n = 221 nursing home residents	Arabic (unspecified dialect)	NA	Impaired cognitive function: MMSE‐Arabic<25	‐Including a wide range of participants’ age. ‐Not all factors affecting gait and balance were considered ‐Cutoff scores of the tests were based on previous studies	Q3
Abou‐Mrad (2017) ⁴⁵	AD8, MoCA, MMSE, 3MS, BVMT‐R, LDS, CLNT, phonemic fluency, semantic fluency.	Lebanon	Memory, attention, language, construction, executive functioning, orientation, and visuospatial function, phonemic paraphasias, semantic paraphasias, circumlocutions, phonemic fluency, semantic fluency.	Age ≥60, n = 164 community dwelling older Lebanese adults without cognitive complaints.	Literary Arabic	Translation by linguistic experts, back‐translation.	Regression based norms.	‐There was no comparison to a gold standard screening. ‐Medical imaging was not used to exclude significant intracranial findings. ‐Most participants were tested only once.	Q4
Albanna (2017) ²⁰	MMSE‐2:SV, Mini‐Cog	Qatar	Orientation, recall, attention, calculation, language processing and constructional praxis–cognitive function, memory, language comprehension, visual‐motor skills, and executive function	Age >60, n = 134	Formal Arabic	Translation by experts, pilot testing on 20 subjects, back translation.	Dementia: Combined score of MMSE‐2:SV and Mini‐Cog: 20/21.	‐Some items of the batteries were not doable by the elderly. ‐The test sample was mostly from Qatar ‐Male subjects were more the females. ‐Arabic MMSE‐2 has low sensitivity to mild dementia.	Q4
Ben Jemaa (2017) ¹⁰⁶	A‐ADAS‐Cog	Tunisia	Memory, language, praxis	Age: 50–90, n = 124 NC, 33 N‐AD, 25 AD	Arabic, meeting cultural and linguistic need of the Arab populations.	Translation was based on equivalency	AD ADAS‐Cog =10	No limitations reported by authors	Q4
Bou‐Orm (2018) ¹⁰²	A‐IQCODE	Lebanon	Not mentioned by authors	Age ≥65, n = 502	Arabic (unspecified dialect)	Previously translated and validated	Cognitive decline: A‐IQCODE<3.34	No limitations reported by authors	Q2
Alkhunizan (2018) ²¹	MoCA	Saudi Arabia	Not mentioned by authors	Age ≥60, n = 171 patients (clinic)	MSA Arabic	Previously translated and validated	MCI: A‐MoCA<26 Dementia: A‐MoCA<17	No limitations reported by authors	Q1
Farghaly (2018) ¹⁰⁷	Phonemic and Categorical verbal fluency (Using letter Haa only)	Egypt	Verbal fluency	Age >40, n = 79 NC, 32 CD	Arabic (dialect unspecified)	NA	ROC analysis Dementia: animal <11 vegetables <11 Names <18	‐MMSE was used to classify cognitive status of the participants (cut‐offs not validated to Arabic populations) ‐Verbal fluency was used solely as an indicator for cognitive impairments	Q4
Saleh (2019) ⁴⁷	MoCA‐B‐Arabic	Egypt	Executive function, verbal fluency, calculation, abstraction, recall, naming, attention, orientation, visuospatial functions.	Age ≥ 60, n = 39 mild NCD,54 major NCD, 112 NC	MSA	Translated without cultural or linguistic modifications	Mild NCD: A‐MoCA‐B: 21/22 Major NCD: A‐MoCA‐B:16/17	‐Small sample size. ‐Inability to measure inter‐rater or test–retest reliability. ‐Limited generalizability ‐Patients recruited from medical centers not a primary care facility	Q4
Almubark (2019) ⁶⁹	Arabic version of Cognistat	Saudi Arabia	Language construction, memory, calculations, reasoning, consciousness, orientation, attention.	Age = 18–60, n = 30 stroke and 32 TBI patients, 107 healthy adults	Standard Arabic	Translation by Native Arabic speakers, cultural adaptation, backward translation, pretest on 22 subjects.	Percentile norms were reported.	‐Sampling was restricted to 2 age groups, limiting the generalizability of the normative Cognistat profile.	Q4
Al‐Joudi (2019) ⁷⁰	NTB used in the Division of Medical Psychology of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine	Saudi Arabia	Intelligence, confrontation naming ability, verbal comprehension and fluency, episodic memory, visuospatial learning and memory, frontal and executive functioning, psychomotor speed, fine motor control.	Age = 15–67, n = 56	Formal Arabic language & common colloquial Arabic (not Saudi)	Translation by native Arabic speakers, cultural adaptation, backward translation.	NA, data analysis is done to investigate the battery test's ability in differentiating between controls and patients and between left and right temporal Epilepsy	‐Many disease factors were not investigated for their relation to test performance. ‐Limited number of participants in the mesial temporal sclerosis group. ‐Not all battery tests were investigated for reliability ‐Degree of mesial temporal sclerosis was not accounted for in this study	Q4
El‐Hayeck (2019) ⁵⁵	A‐MMSE (GTD‐USJ)	Lebanon	Attention, registration, attention, calculation, language, visuospatial processing.	Age ≥55, n = 1010 literate community‐dwelling Lebanese residents	Arabic (unspecified dialect)	Translation and adaptation of the French version by the Working Group on Dementia at Saint Joseph University	Cognitive impairment: A‐MMSE (GTD‐USJ) <23	‐Population may not be a random sample ‐Demographic information were not collected from subjects who declined participation ‐Insufficient number of subjects per categories ‐ Subjects with (A‐MMSE(GTD‐USJ) a score <16 was decided to need medical evaluation prior to validation of the tool ‐Including the data from participants who did not attend the medical consultation in the normative data ‐MMSE does not cover all cognitive domains	Q4
Ibrahim (2019) ⁵⁷	The Arabic version of Penn computerized neuropsychological battery, TMT‐ A&B, MMSE	Egypt	Sensorimotor integration speed, abstraction, mental flexibility, manual dexterity, visual object learning, memory, nonverbal reasoning, spatial orientation, social cognition, emotion recognition, attention, visual motor speed.	Age = 18–50, n = 94	Penn: Arabic (unspecified dialect) TMT and MMSE: not mentioned	Previously translated	NA, significant difference between two groups	‐Small sample size ‐All patients were stabilized on antipsychotic medications	Q5
Elsaid (2020) ¹¹¹	SF‐12v2 questionnaire	Egypt	Physical and mental component, eight health‐related domain scores	Age >56, n = 40 males, 20 females	Arabic (unspecified dialect)	Previously translated	Scores from excellent to poor: 5.0, 4.4, 3.4, 2.0, and 1.0	‐Small sample size ‐Immunological changes induced by Biobran/MGN‐3 were not assessed due to cost limitations.	Q5
Salama (2020) ⁴⁸	A‐MoCA, A‐BICAMS	Egypt	Associative learning, attention, executive function, inhibition, memory, processing speed	Mean age = 34.4, n = 20 NMOSD patients, 18 NC	Arabic (unspecified dialect)	Previously translated	significant difference between patients and controls	Small number of patients included from a single center	Q3
Shalash (2020) ¹⁰⁴	NMSS, PDQ‐39‐Arabic	Egypt	NMSS measures 9 domains: (cardiovascular, sleep/fatigue, mood/cognition, perception/hallucinations, memory/attention, gastrointestinal, urinary, sexual, and miscellaneous symptoms)	Age = 35–77, n = 40 PD male patients, 25 NC	NMSS: not mentioned. PDQ‐39: Arabic (unspecified dialect)	Previously translated	NA, correlation between IIEF and the PDQ‐39 and NMSS	‐Small sample size ‐Limited participants’ age range ‐Investigating the association of cognitive and autonomic factors with sexual dysfunction using more objective and specific tests is recommended.	Q3
Al‐Adawi (2020) ¹¹⁰	A‐IQCODE, The modified Wisconsin Card‐Sorting Test, the tower of London, TMT, backward DS, verbal fluency.	Oman	Set‐shifting, cognitive flexibility, planning, the temporal organization of behavior, processing speed, initiation, speed of verbal responses.	Age = 18–35, n = 24 patients with executive dysfunction	Arabic (unspecified dialect)	Previously translated	IQCODE: “major improvement” = 1, “minor improvement” = 2, “did not change much” = 3, “minor deterioration” = 4, “major deterioration” = 5	‐ Open‐label study, without controls and with a relatively small sample size ‐Was not validated by a another catecholaminergic agonist ‐Limited generalizability as motor and functional metrics were not included ‐Include another cohort of TBI rather than those with executive functioning ‐Improvements could be a result of other factors	Q5
Qassem (2020) ⁶⁵	ACE‐III	Egypt	Attention and orientation, memory, verbal fluency, language, and visuospatial abilities	Age ≥60 patients, n = 37 dementia patients, 43 controls	Egyptian Arabic	Previously translated	Dementia: ACE‐III 72/100	Generalizability to rarer types of dementia was limited Cut‐offs were not validated in a second independent sample Specific cut‐offs could not be established for different age groups Subjects were recruited from one city Tested population did not include illiterates.	Q4
Zeinoun (2020) ⁶⁰	VMAT	Lebanon	Verbal memory	Age ≥16, pilot study: 12 participants; study2: 199 NC, 16 MS population	MSA and colloquial Arabic	The task was developed in Arabic	regression‐based norms	‐Sample was not representative of national age demographics ‐Participants were young and educated ‐MS group was assumed to have verbal learning and memory deficits without verification ‐VMAT scores were not correlated with other Arabic memory tests	Q4
Allataifeh (2020) ⁶²	BICAMS, Stroop test	Jordan	Learning, memory and mental processing speed, selective attention	Age >18, n = 110 individuals with MS	Arabic (unspecified dialect)	NA	regression‐based norms	Participants were recruited from one geographical area Most participants had relapsing‐remitting MS (RM MS)	Q3
Qassem (2020) ⁶⁵	ACE‐III	Egypt	Attention, memory, fluency, language, visuospatial processing.	Age >60, n = 24 MCI patients, 54 controls	Egyptian Arabic	Previously translated	Using ROC MCI: ACE‐III 81 /100	‐Lack of specific cut‐offs for different age groups ‐Cut‐offs were not validated in a second independent sample	Q4
Alshammari (2020) ⁵⁸	MMSE	Saudi Arabia	Orientation, registration, attention, calculation, recall, language.	Age = 60–93, n = 1299	Arabic (unspecified dialect)	Previously translated	Intact: 24‐30 Mild: 18‐23 severe: 0‐17	‐The cross‐sectional design of this study prevented us from establishing causality ‐Limited generalizability	Q1
Muayqil (2021) ⁴⁹	MoCA (A & B)	Saudi Arabia	Not mentioned by authors	Age = 18–80, n = 311	MSA	Modifications to suit the culture and dialect, validation by a pilot study on 15 participants.	Mean test value: MoCA‐A: 21.47 MoCA‐B: 24.37	‐Most participants had pervious concerns about their cognition (risk of bias) ‐ There was no screening to exclude any occult cognitive problems	Q4
Qassem (2021) ⁶⁶	m‐ACE‐III	Egypt	Attention, memory, fluency, language, visuospatial processing.	Age ≥, n = 24 MCI, 52 NC	Arabic (unspecified dialect)	Previously translated	Using ROC MCI: ACE‐III = 21/30	Lack of specific cut‐offs for different age groups Cut‐offs were not validated in a second independent sample	Q4
Rababa (2021) ⁵⁰	MoCA	Jordan	Visuospatial/executive, naming, memory, attention, abstraction, detailed recall, language	Age = 55–103, n = 215 older adults	MSA	Previously translated	MCI: MoCA<30.	PPI data was collected using medication cards which might have resulted in missing that could bias the output Limited generalizability due to the small sample size and inclusion of subjects from one geographical area	Q3
Assaf (2021) ⁵¹	A‐MoCA, GDS, IADL	Lebanon	Not mentioned by authors	Age ≥60, n = 337	Arabic (unspecified dialect)	Previously translated	Objective cognitive impairment: MoCA≥26 MCI: MoCA <26, IADL (7/8). Dementia: MoCA <26, IADL <7.	‐Limited generalizability as subjects had high socioeconomic and educational attainment ‐MoCA is subject to ceiling effects ‐Depression could be affecting MoCA results ‐Overlooking variables that could affect performance	Q2
Darwish (2022) ⁶³	BICAMS, SDMT, BVMT‐R, VMAT	Lebanon	Verbal learning, short‐term memory, long‐term memory, and recognition.	Age = 16–80, n = 180 healthy participants	Lebanese Arabic dialect for administration MSA for tests	Previously translated	Regression‐based norms	‐Most of the MS sample was RRMS. ‐Unbalanced sex distribution. ‐More evidence is needed to support the validity of the BICAMS ‐Age groups were not matched in years of education.	Q4
Farahat (2022) ¹⁰³	WCST	Egypt	Executive function	Age = 25–52, n = 81 HCW (50 physicians, 31 nurses)	NA	NA	Compared cognitive performance in HCW before and after a 2‐week break.	‐Executive dysfunction does not reflect a general cognitive decline. ‐HCW executive functioning baseline before their hospital stay was not measured ‐WCST results are impacted by IQ scores ‐limited study sample	Q2
Souissi (2022) ⁶⁴	T‐BICAM: SDMT, BVMT‐R, and TVLT	Tunisia	Processing speed, auditory/verbal learning, visuospatial memory	Age = 18–65, n = 104 MS patients and 104 NC	Tunisian Arabic	Instructions and stimuli were translated and standardized for Tunisian culture.	MS: ROC analysis SDMT:39−40, BVMT‐R:26−27, TVLT:43−44	Most participants were highly educated.	Q4
Alkeridy (2022) ¹⁰⁹	BADLS	Saudi Arabia	dependency in performing basic and instrumental activities of daily living.	N = 69, median age = 77	Modern standard Arabic	Forward‐backward translation followed by pilot testing.	Non reported	Confirmatory factor analysis was not performed. The psychometric properties of the scale could change according to the change in literacy level in Saudi Arabia.	Q4
Saguem (2022) ⁷³	BCIS	Tunisia	Self‐certainty and self‐reflectiveness	Age = 42±12.52, n = 150 patients	Literary Arabic	Repeated forward‐backward translation.	Non reported	No limitations reported by authors	Q4
Haddad (2022) ⁵³	MoCA	Lebanon	Visuospatial abilities, short term memory, executive function, naming, attention, concentration, working memory, language, abstract reasoning, orientation	Age = 18–60, n = 120 patients	Arabic (unspecified dialect)	Previously translated	MCI: A‐MoCA =21; Moderate cognitive impairments: A‐MoCA = 20.5; Severe cognitive impairments: A‐MoCA =19.5	‐Possibility of selection bias, participants cognitive function might be severely impaired ‐Limited sample size ‐Information bias might have occurred in the face‐face interview. ‐Some cognitive factors were not included ‐Missing some validity measures ‐MoCA is not compatible for illiterate participants.	Q4
El‐Hayeck (2022) ¹⁰⁸	A‐TNI93 (GTD‐USJ)	Lebanon	Episodic memory	Age ≥55, n = 332	Assessment language was not mentioned	Pictures adapted to Lebanese culture	Dementia: Free recall (FR) ≤6 Or total recall ≤8	‐Sample selection was not randomized ‐FR score was used to determine the participants who needed consultation before validation. ‐Possible selection bias if participation decline was due to cognitive dysfunction. −47% of individuals who needed a medical evaluation dropped out. ‐The CDR fails to detect frontotemporal dementia. ‐Target number of participants per group was not reached. ‐The low inter‐rater reproducibility suggests the need for more training before implementation. ‐Not all cognitive functions were evaluated by the tool	Q4
Kacem (2022) ⁷¹	ECAS‐AR	Tunisia	Language, verbal fluency, executive functions, visuospatial domain, memory.	Age = 47–71, n = 85 ALS patients, 200 NC	MSA	Translated and double checked by an expert in Arabic language, back translated.	2 SD below the mean control group score	‐ECAS‐Ar efficiency might have been affected by the lack of a heterogeneous cohort from MENA. ‐Genetic mutations were not considered ‐Limited number of cases with a high level of education and with advanced ages.	Q4
Boujelbane (2022) ⁷²	The Neurotrack digital cognitive battery.	Tunisia	Processing speed, visual associative learning, attention, executive function, inhibition, associative and recognition memory.	Age = 62.24±7.52 years, n = 155	Arabic (unspecified dialect)	Back translation and piloting using 15 subjects	Significant difference between groups	‐Additional research is needed to compare the digital battery with traditional paper‐and‐pen assessments ‐Cultural adaptation was not performed ‐Groups were not matched by age or education.	Q4
Khatib (2022) ⁵²	MoCA 8.1	Morocco	Visuospatial and executive functions, naming, memory, attention, language, abstraction, recall, orientation.	Age >50, n = 106	Darija, Tamazight in its three variants (Tachelhit, Tarifit, Atlas Tamazight), and Arabic.	Translation by native speakers, back translation, pretest on 20 subjects	Using ROC Dementia: MoCA <24.5, MMS<27.5	No limitations reported by authors	Q4
Fray (2022) ⁵⁹	MMSE, ADAS‐Cog, FAB, GDS, IADLS, CDR	Tunisia	Attentional process, episodic memory, executive function, visuospatial function, praxis, gnosis, language.	AD patients: 70.14±10.44, n = 144 NC: 69.13±14.56, n= 90	Arabic (unspecified dialect)	Previously translated	Differences in performance between the two groups on the domains of interest.	‐Small sample size ‐The lack of correlation between APOE and other parameters involved in the pathophysiology of AD.	Q2
Alsebayel (2022) ²²	AD8	Saudi Arabia	Not mentioned	Age > 60, n = 379	Arabic (unspecified dialect)	Previously translated	AD8≥3 or AD8 ≥4	Causality is not confirmed. Probability of sampling bias The effect of risk factors control was not assessed	Q1
Soliman (2023) ⁶⁷	ECAS‐EG	Egypt	Executive function, verbal fluency, and language, memory, and visuospatial abilities	Age = 28–68, n = patient: 62, healthy controls:60.	Egyptian Arabic	translation‐backtranslation, adaptation	ALS ≤104, ALS‐specific ≤72.	Small sample size Participants were recruited from one center only (limited variability in demographic data).	Q4
Hassan (2023) ⁶⁸	FACT‐Cog version 3	Lebanon	Not mentioned	Age = 52.05 ± 9.95, n = 134 patients.	Simple and acceptable language for the Lebanese population	The standard Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) translation methodology	FACT‐Cog mean population score of 83	Test–retest reliability and the construct validity of the scale were not assessed. The use of ‘QLQ‐30’ test for construct validity even though it is not the standard (it was the only available validated questionnaire for cognitive domains assessment in cancer patients) Difficulty in assessing reverse causality given that the study is cross‐sectional. The test has been used among female breast cancer patients only.	Q3

Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D; 3MS, Modified Mini‐State test; A‐ADAS‐Cog, Arabic version Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Cognitive subscale; ACE‐III, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III; ADAS‐Cog, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Cognitive subscale; AD, Alzheimer's disease patients; AD8, Eight‐item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia; A‐IQCODE, Arabic version of Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; A‐MMSE (GTD‐USJ), Arabic version of Mini‐Mental State Examination developed by the “Groupe de Travail sur les D ´emences de l'Université Saint Joseph”; APOE, apolipoprotein E; A‐RUDAS, Arabic Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale; A‐TNI93 (GTD‐USJ): the Test of Nine Images developed by the “Groupe de Travail sur lesD ´emences de l'Université Saint Joseph”; BADLS, basic activities of daily living; BCIS, Beck Cognitive Insight Scale; BICAMS, Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis; BVMT‐R, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test‐Revised; CD, clinically demented; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; CDT, Clock Drawing Test; DS, Digit Span; CLNT, Cross‐Linguistic Naming Test; ECAS‐AR, Arabic Edinburgh cognitive and behavioral Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis screen; ECAS‐EG, Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Screen; FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery; FACT‐Cog, The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Cognitive Function; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; GMS, Geriatric Mental State; HCW, health‐care workers; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale; IQCODE, Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MES, Memory and Executive Screening test; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; MMSE‐2:SV, MMSE‐2 standard version; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MTS, Mental Test Score; NA, not applicable; N‐AD, non‐Alzheimer's disease dementia patients; NC, normal controls; NMOSD, Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; NMSS, Non‐Motor Symptom Scale; NTB, Neuropsychological Test Battery; PDQ‐39, Parkinson's‐Disease Questionnaire; RCFT, Rey Complex Figure and Recognition Trial Test; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; RRMS, Relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities; TMT, Trail Making Test; VMAT, Verbal Memory Arabic Test; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.

(*) Questions of interest:

Q1: Assessing the cognitive status and screening for cognitive impairments in specific populations.

Q2: Risk factors for cognitive impairments.

Q3: Cognitive functions impact on other disorders.

Q4: Translation/adaptation/validation of classic tasks to be used in Arabic populations.

Q5: Therapy/intervention.