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. 2023 Jul 10;120(29):e2214320120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2214320120

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Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

This article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND).

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Fig. 5. — Contribution of innate immune receptors for immunostimulation by mRNA. (A) Comb-structured mRNA was added to RAW cells without knockout of immune receptors (WT) and with MDA-5 or RIG-I knockout (MDA-5-KO, RIG-I-KO). The cells were genetically modified to express Lucia luciferase (lLuc) after proinflammatory stimulation for quantifying immunostimulation intensity based on lLuc expression. n = 6. (B) Comb-structured mRNA was added to HEK 293 cells, genetically modified to express TLR3 or TLR7, or without transformation to express TLRs (Null). The cells were transformed to express SEAP reporter after nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) stimulation. n = 6. PPP, 5′ triphosphate. **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, n.s., nonsignificant versus untreated, respectively.