Fig. 3.

(A) Variation of turbulent fluxes observations from CERES (red), FLUXCOM (purple), and estimated fluxes at maximum power (blue) with the temperature difference between the surface and the atmosphere. Surface and atmospheric temperatures were derived from upwelling and outgoing longwave flux at the surface and atmosphere, respectively, from CERES. (B) Variation of heat divergence (calculated as the difference between outgoing longwave and incoming shortwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere) with AI, (C) variation of turbulent fluxes with heat divergence, and (D) variation of cloud area fraction (%) with heat divergence.