Table 2.
Risk Factors Associated With HSV-2 seropositivity
| Women (n = 960)a | Men (n = 859)a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk Factor | No. HSV-2 Positive/Total (%) | PRR (95% CI) | adjPRR (95% CI) | No. HSV-2 Positive/Total (%) | PRR (95% CI) | adjPRR (95% CI) |
| Community type | ||||||
| Inland | 260/518 (50) | Ref. | Ref. | 133/397 (34) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Fishing | 346/442 (78) | 1.56 (1.41–1.72) | 1.23 (1.11–1.36) | 236/462 (51) | 1.52 (1.29–1.80) | 1.11 (.94–1.32) |
| Age group, y | ||||||
| 15–24 | 77/235 (33) | Ref. | Ref. | 30/203 (15) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 25–29 | 116/183 (63) | 1.94 (1.56–2.40) | 1.44 (1.19–1.75) | 59/164 (36) | 2.43 (1.65–3.56) | 1.53 (1.03–2.29) |
| 30–34 | 122/164 (84) | 2.27 (1.85–2.78) | 1.55 (1.29–1.88) | 72/140 (51) | 3.48 (2.41–5.03) | 1.94 (1.32–2.86) |
| 35–39 | 129/174 (84) | 2.26 (1.85–2.77) | 1.65 (1.37–2.00) | 88/156 (56) | 3.82 (2.67–5.46) | 2.15 (1.46–3.15) |
| 40–44 | 99/131 (76) | 2.31 (1.87–2.84) | 1.59 (1.31–1.94) | 76/122 (62) | 4.21 (2.95–6.03) | 2.25 (1.52–3.33) |
| 45–49 | 63/73 (86) | 2.63 (2.15–3.23) | 1.90 (1.55–2.32) | 44/74 (60) | 4.02 (2.75–5.89) | 2.26 (1.49–3.42) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married | 22/88 (25) | 0.40 (.28–.58) | 0.75 (.56–1.00) | 25/173 (15) | 0.30 (.20–.40) | 0.75 (.51–1.12) |
| Currently married | 406/652 (62) | Ref. | Ref. | 270/543 (50) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Previously married | 178/220 (81) | 1.30 (1.19–1.42) | 1.04 (.95–1.14) | 74/143 (52) | 1.04 (.88–1.25) | 1.02 (.85–1.22) |
| Educational status | ||||||
| None | 66/81 (82) | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) | 1.01 (.90–1.13) | 32/52 (62) | 1.33 (1.06–1.68) | 0.98 (.78–1.24) |
| Primary | 39/565 (69) | Ref. | Ref. | 265/574 (46) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Secondary | 108/227 (48) | 0.69 (.59–.80) | 0.91 (.80–1.03) | 59/177 (33) | 0.72 (.58–.91) | 0.82 (.66–1.01) |
| Tertiary | 42/87 (48) | 0.70 (.56–.88) | 0.91 (.74–1.12) | 13/56 (23) | 0.50 (.31–.82) | 0.51 (.32–.82) |
| Sex partners in the last year | ||||||
| 0 | 64/112 (57) | 0.92 (.77–1.09) | 0.98 (.86–1.11) | 9/67 (13) | 0.30 (.16–.56) | 0.80 (.48–1.33) |
| 1 | 457/733 (62) | Ref. | Ref. | 143/318 (45) | Ref. | … |
| 2 | 61/86 (71) | 1.14 (.98–1.32) | 1.02 (.89–1.17) | 110/252 (44) | 0.98 (.81–1.17) | 0.99 (.83–1.17) |
| 3 | 17/19 (90) | 1.44 (1.22–1.69) | 1.23 (1.04–1.46) | 67/126 (53) | 1.18 (.96–1.45) | 1.22 (1.00–1.47) |
| ≥4 | 7/10 (70) | 1.12 (.75–1.69) | 0.76 (.57–1.01) | 40/96 (42) | 0.93 (.71–1.21) | 0.92 (.71–1.19) |
| Lifetime sex partners | ||||||
| 0 | 0/24 (0) | … | … | 0/32 (0) | … | … |
| 1 | 39/130 (30) | Ref. | Ref. | 1/23 (4.3) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 2 | 115/214 (54) | 1.79 (1.34–2.39) | 1.63 (1.24–2.13) | 10/38 (26.3) | 6.05 (.83–44.3) | 4.13 (.57–30.10) |
| 3 | 167/239 (70) | 2.32 (1.77–3.07) | 1.79 (1.38–2.32) | 34/68 (35.3) | 8.12 (1.16–56.7) | 4.04 (.58–28.03) |
| ≥4 | 285/353 (81) | 2.69 (2.06–3.52) | 1.81 (1.39–2.35) | 334/698 (47.9) | 11.0 (1.62–75.0) | 4.33 (.63–29.76) |
| HIV serostatus | ||||||
| HIV seronegative | 332/667 (50) | Ref. | Ref. | 219/662 (33) | Ref. | Ref. |
| HIV seropositive | 274/293 (94) | 1.88 (1.73–2.04) | 1.39 (1.28–1.50) | 150/197 (76) | 2.30 (2.01–2.63) | 1.58 (1.37–1.83) |
| HIV suppression statusb | ||||||
| ≤1000 copies/mL | 255/271 (94) | Ref | Ref | 133/173 (77) | Ref. | Ref |
| >1000 copies/mL | 19/22 (86) | 0.92 (.78–1.09) | 0.91 (.76–1.10) | 17/24 (71) | 0.92 (.70–1.21) | 0.98 (.76–1.27) |
| Current or prior history of PrEP usec | ||||||
| No | 316/645 (49) | Ref | Ref | 208/639 (33) | Ref. | Ref |
| Yes | 15/20 (75) | 1.53 (1.17–2.00) | 1.00 (.77–1.29) | 11/23 (48) | 1.47 (.95–2.28) | 1.08 (.67–1.75) |
| Male circumcision status | ||||||
| Uncircumcised | … | … | … | 193/388 (63) | Ref. | Ref |
| Circumcised | … | … | … | 176/471 (37) | 0.75 (.65–.88) | 0.90 (.78–1.04) |
Bold text shows statistically significant results.
Abbreviations: adjPRR, adjusted prevalence risk ratio models adjusted for age, community type, marital status, educational level, and HIV serostatus; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; PrEP, preexposure prophylaxis; PRR, prevalence risk ratio; Ref., reference.
There were 6 study participants with missing HSV-2 results (n = 5 women; n = 1 man).
Analysis restricted to HIV-seropositive participants.
Analysis restricted to HIV-negative participants.