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. 2023 Nov 2;5(4):237–248. doi: 10.1097/BS9.0000000000000173

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Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health Inc., on behalf of the Chinese Medical Association (CMA) and Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (IHCAMS).

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — Five generations of CAR. The first-generation CAR-T-cell structure consists of only 1 antigen recognition domain, scFv, a hinge region, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular activation domain, whereas the second-generation CAR-T cells have an additional co-stimulatory domain, and the third-generation CAR-T cells have 2 different co-stimulatory domains. Fourth-generation CAR-T cells secrete cytokines via modifications. Fifth-generation CAR-T cells are the latest generation of CAR-T cells, with greater safety and controllability. CAR = chimeric antigen receptor, IL = Interleukin.