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. 2023 Sep 13;33(21):10736–10749. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhad309

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Fig. 1 — a) The experimental setup for simultaneous electrophysiology and pupil size recordings. Images of pupillary response (constricted and dilated pupil) are shown. b) Power spectrum of LFP signals in the ACC with pupil diameter fluctuations (pink trace) in a representative rat during 15 min of resting state recording. c) Correlation coefficients between pupil dynamics and power of all LFP bands in the ACC (circular markers) and in the LH (cross markers) from all trials (n = 89, 9 animals). Each marker represents the positive (green), no (gray), or negative (red) correlation on each trial. Thresholds of positive (0.046) or negative (−0.046) correlations are shown as blue dashed lines. d) Examples of positive (green shade) and negative (red shade) correlation between pupil dynamics (pink trace) and LFP delta (1–4 Hz) band power fluctuations (blue trace) in the LH and ACC during 15 min of resting state (all plots have the same scale). e) Distribution of correlation coefficients between LFP delta power fluctuation and pupil dynamics in the LH (left; [+ (green)]: N = 46, 52%, [0 (gray)]: N = 4, 4%, [− (red)]: N = 39, 44%) and ACC (right; [+ (green)]: N = 12, 13%, [0 (gray)]: N = 7, 8%, [− (red)]: N = 70, 79%). Each pie chart represents ratios of the positive, no, and negative correlations. Vertical blue solid lines represent the mean of correlation coefficients across all trials in the LH and ACC, respectively. Pink curves and boxplots represent the distribution of trials for LH and ACC, respectively. The vertical black dashed line represents zero. f) Violin plots for the distribution of correlation coefficients between pupil dynamics and LFP delta power fluctuation in LH and ACC. g) Categorization of correlation coefficients in the ACC between LFP delta power fluctuation and pupil dynamics when LH delta power fluctuation has a negative (LFP-group 1, orange) or positive (LFP-group 2, blue) correlation with pupil dynamics. In LFP-group 1, ACC delta power fluctuation and pupil size fluctuation show a negative correlation (correlation coefficient < −0.046) in all trials. In LFP-group 2, correlations of ACC delta power fluctuation and pupil dynamics diversify to a great extent. Note: [+]: Correlation coefficient > 0.046, [0]: −0.046 < correlation coefficient < 0.046, [−]: Correlation coefficient < −0.046; ^*^*^*P < 0.001, ^*^*P < 0.01, ^*P < 0.05.