Table 3.

Ethnomedicinal uses of Viola.

Species	Medicinal uses
V. patrinii	The flower is used treatment for cough, cold and as antipurgative, while the whole plant is used by the Chinese medical system to treat cancer [56]
V. canescens	The whole plant is traditionally used mostly for antipyretic, anticancer and analgesic treatment [57]
V. serpens	The whole plant is traditionally used as analgesic, antitumor, antihemorroids, anti-inflammatory, increased perspiration, and some respiratory diseases [58]
V. biflora	The whole plant is traditionally used antimicrobial agents, analgesic, antihemorroids, anti-inflammatory, increased perspiration, against constipation, and intestinal pain respiratory and skin diseases [59]
V. arvensis	The stem, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds are used as against inflammation, respiratory and skin diseases, analgesic, and urinary tract infection [60]
V. tricolor	The stem, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds are used against skin conditions, cystitis, rheumatism, bronchitis and against inflammation, cough, and diuretic [60]
V. odorata	Fresh leaves are used for treatment of cancer, dried flowers decoction as analgesic and expectorants, seeds are used to improve removal of waste from the body, plant poultice as analgesic and against weakness [37], chewed leaves are used for anticancer, diaphoretic, febrifuge, infantile disorder, and lung troubles [61], and leaves and flowers are used for respiratory disorders [62]
V. hondoensis	The whole plant is used as antidiuretic, anti-inflammatory, expectorants, and for skin disease treatment [63]
V. falconeri	The roots are used in jaundice and flowers for cough and cold [64]
V. cinerea	The whole plant is used as an aphrodisiac [65]
V. betonicifolia	The whole plant is used as an astringent, diaphoretic, antipyretic, anticancer, purgative, and some neurological disorders [66]. The flower and leaves are used for sinusitis, skin, respiratory, and blood disorders [47], for constipation and improve waste removal [40], while the roots and fruits are used for kidney and respiratory diseases and leaves are used to treat furuncle [40]