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. 2023 Sep 18;77(11):1009–1013. doi: 10.1038/s41430-023-01314-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Pooled estimates of mean differences (MD) and risk ratios (RR) were converted into standardized mean differences (SMD) to show the estimates among different outcomes on the same scale. Prevalent analyses show the association of NSS and cardiometabolic outcomes and is derived from the WHO SRMA on non-sugar sweeteners [2]. Change analyses show the association between increasing intake of low- and no-calorie sweetened beverages by one serving (330 mL) per day and cardiometabolic outcomes. Substitution analyses show the association between substituting low- and no-calorie sweetened beverages for sugar-sweetened beverages (matched by volume) and cardiometabolic outcomes. Both change and substitution analysis are derived from paper by Lee et al. [16] *Body weight was measured as the mean difference (kg) between high vs. low intake groups for prevalent analysis and as the difference (kg) per year for change and substitution analysis. †Waist circumference was measured as the mean difference (cm) between high vs. low intake groups for prevalent analysis, and as the difference (cm) per year for change and substitution analysis. Abbreviations: CHD coronary heart disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, T2D type 2 diabetes.