Table 3.

Phase 1 and 2 Sprint Activities¹⁴

Activitya	Description	Phase 1 Session	Phase 2 Session	Purpose of Activity
Map	The study team developed a preliminary process map of the typical experience of an ESRD patient with pain attempting to get that pain addressed. Participants reflected on the map to identify anything that could be added to the map and identify how stigma may be enacted in the interactions shown on the map.	1	N/A	To establish an agreed upon pathway by which users (patients, clinicians, finance, and delivery systems) will interact with the intervention, so that all future activities are contextualized within the path of the intended user.
Goals and values	Using the sticky notes tool on Miro, participants wrote goals that describe the outcomes they would like to see if an intervention worked perfectly and values that they would like to see enacted in the intervention.	1	1	To create a clear target to guide the remaining discussions throughout the sprint.
“How might we” notes	For 5 minutes, participants used the sticky notes tool in Miro to write as many topical “how might we…” questions as they could that related to addressing stigma and pain treatment for patients with ESRD. Once the notes had been written, the facilitator helped participants categorize the notes into broad topics and worked to clarify the meaning of notes. Participants voted on the top 3 “how might we” notes, to establish a focus for the intervention sketches.	2	1	To establish a consistent format for identifying opportunities to improve on the problems identified. The voting process prioritizes the opportunities that the group will focus on throughout the remaining steps.
Lightning demonstrations	Each participant created a collage of notes describing products, programs, and strategies that they have seen used in other contexts that may be useful for developing the current intervention. Each participant was given 3 minutes to describe their ideas and how they could be useful for designing an intervention.	3	N/A	To collect comparable examples of relevant solutions and techniques that have been used by competitors or other organizations to inspire ideas for a new solution.
Remix and improve	The facilitator guided a discussion of the ideas shared in the lightening demonstrations and worked with participants to create a list of key ideas representing common ideas apparent among the lightening demonstrations.	3	N/A	To break down the lightening demonstrations into individual components that can be assessed for relevance, reconfigured, and recombined to create entirely new solutions that will inspire the sketches.
Sketches	Participants used the design sprint sketching methods to create a 3-panel sketch of an idea for an intervention with the left side of each panel containing a picture of the step and the right side of each panel containing a brief textual description.	4	2	For each participant to independently draw on each of the previous steps to brainstorm a possible solution and present the solution in a simple way by drawing it with 3 simple panels.
Art museum	Participants displayed their sketches on the Miro board, and each participant was given 4 minutes to describe the sketch.	4	2	To present all sketches side by side, with the narration to enhance legibility and understandability.
Heat map	Each participant received 5 dots on the Miro board, which they could move to their favorite individual panels among all the sketches.	4	2	To create a heat map image that calls attention to the ideas the group finds intriguing.
Critique	The facilitator guided a brief critique, calling attention to panels that received many votes during the heat map stage and allowing participants to explain what they appreciated about these ideas.	4	2	To ensure brevity and focused conversation while allowing for further discussion on the standout ideas identified in the heat map exercise to explain the strengths and identify any concerns and questions.
Straw poll	Each participant received a single dot to vote on their favorite sketch on the Miro board. After voting, each participant received 1 minute to explain why they voted for their selected sketch.	4	2	To gauge the group’s stance toward the sketches after the discussions had during the speed critique and allow each participant the chance to explain the reasoning from the perspective of their unique expertise.
Super vote	To establish the top 2 sketches to review during the third phase of the sprint, each participant received 2 dots, which they used to vote on their 2 favorite sketches. The 2 sketches with the most votes were selected to proceed to phase 3.	4	2	To decisively establish which sketches will proceed forward into the prototyping phase.

Abbreviation: ESRD, end-stage renal disease.

^aActivities are listed in the table in the order that they were performed during the sprint.