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. 2023 Nov 7;14:7181. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42240-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a, b Schematic illustration of synaptic signal conduction under a pair of stimuli: biological synapse (a) and ZTO-fibers AS (b). c aEPSC of ZTO-3:7 AS evoked by a pair of spikes. d PPF index versus spike interval for three ZTO ASs with different Zn:Sn molar ratios. e, f aEPSC of ZTO-3:7 AS (e) and ΔaEPSC of three ZTO ASs with different Zn:Sn molar ratios (f) triggered by consecutive spikes with different spike numbers. g aEPSC of ZTO-3:7 AS triggered by consecutive spikes with different spike frequencies. h aEPSC gain versus frequency for three ZTO ASs with different Zn:Sn molar ratios. i, j aEPSC (i) and ΔaEPSC (j) triggered by spikes with different spike duration for three ZTO ASs with different Zn:Sn molar ratios. k aEPSC of ZTO-3:7 AS triggered by spikes with different amplitude. l International Morse code of “NKU” and “YES” realized using ZTO-1:1 AS. m Pavlovian learning behavior realized using ZTO-3:7 AS.