Table 1.
Nutritional constraints used in the optimization models.
| Unit | Men | Women | Average individuala | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower reference | Upper reference | Lower reference | Upper reference | Lower reference | Upper reference | ||
| Energy intake | Kcal/d | ER−8% | ER + 8% | ER−8% | ER + 8% | ER−8% | ER + 8% |
| Protein | kg of BW/d | 0.83 | 2.3 | 0.83 | 2.3 | 0.83 | 2.3 |
| Vitamin A | µg/d | 750 | 3000 | 650 | 3000 | 700 | 3000 |
| Vitamin B1 | µg /1000 kcal/d | 0.3 | – | 0.3 | – | 0.3 | – |
| Vitamin B2 | mg /1000 kcal/d | 0.55 | – | 0.55 | – | 0.55 | – |
| Vitamin B3 | µg /1000 kcal/d | 5.44 | 900 | 5.44 | 900 | 5.44 | 900 |
| Vitamin B5 | mg/d | P5 | – | P5 | – | Weighted P5 | – |
| Vitamin B6 | mg/d | 1.7 | 25 | 1.6 | 25 | 1.65 | 25 |
| Vitamin B9 | µg/d | 330 | – | 330 | – | 330 | – |
| Vitamin B12 | µg/d | 4 | – | 4 | – | 4 | – |
| Vitamin C | mg/d | 110 | – | 110 | – | 110 | – |
| Vitamin E | g/d | P5 | – | P5 | – | Weighted P5 | – |
| Vitamin K | µg/d | P5 | – | P5 | – | Weighted P5 | – |
| Calcium | mg/d | 950 | 2500 | 950 | 2500 | 950 | 2500 |
| Copper | mg/d | P5 | 5 | P5 | 5 | Weighted P5 | |
| Bioavailable Iron | mg/d | 1.76 | – | 2.56 / 1.76b | – | 1.92 | – |
| Iodine | µg/f | 150 | 600 | 150 | 600 | 150 | 600 |
| Magnesium | mg/d | P5 | – | P5 | – | Weighted P5 | – |
| Manganese | mg/d | P5 | – | P5 | – | Weighted P5 | – |
| Phosphorus | mg/d | 550 | – | 550 | – | 550 | – |
| Potassium | mg/d | 3500 | – | 3500 | – | 3500 | – |
| Selenium | µg/d | 70 | 300 | 70 | 300 | 70 | 300 |
| Sodium | mg/d | 1500 | 2300 | 1500 mg | 2300 | 1500 | 2300 |
| Bioavailable zinc | mg/d | (0.642 + 0.038 kg of body weight) | (0.642 + 0.038 kg of body weight) | 3.33 | |||
| Saturated fatty acids | % EI/d | – | 12 | – | 12 | – | 12 |
| Linoleic acid | % EI/d | 4 | – | 4 | – | 4 | – |
| Alpha-linolenic acid | % EI/d | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Linoleic acid / alpha-linolenic acid | – | – | 5 | – | 5 | – | 5 |
| Eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid | g/d | 0.5 | – | 0.5 | – | 0.5 | – |
| Sugar without lactose | g/d | – | 100 | – | 100 | – | 100 |
| Fibre | g/d | 30 | – | 30 | – | 30 | – |
ER, energy requirement.
aThe average individual was the weighted mean as follows: 50% men, 25% women M-, 25% M+.
bHigh and low iron requirements.