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. 2023 Nov 7;13:19251. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-46436-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Inhibitory effects of various cell fractions of Propionibacterium freudenreichii MJ2 on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. 3T3-L1 cells were treated with different cell extracts: cell wall (CW), cell wall without surface proteins (CW w/o SP), and surface proteins (SP) from 1 × 10⁸ P. freudenreichii MJ2 cells/mL. (A) Lipid droplets in differentiated cells were visualized using Oil Red O staining (× 400 magnification). Scale bars indicate 0.5 mm. (B) Lipid accumulation was quantified and compared with that in cells treated only with MDI. (C) Fold change in the gene expression of lipogenic transcription factor, Fas. The data indicate the mean ± SD of values from three independent experiments. The p values were determined using ANOVA and Tukey’s honest significant difference test. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). NC, negative control; MDI, 1 μM dexamethasone, 0.5 mM IBMX, and 5 μg/mL insulin.