Table 1. Summary of relevant studies on artificial intelligence applications in dentistry.

The Utilization of Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry
Field of Research	AI Technique	Applications	Reference
Image segmentation	Convolutional neural networks (CNN)	Panoramic radiographs to test a novel method for automatic teeth segmentation	143 , 144
Radiology	CNN	Identification and classification of dental implant systems	145 , 146
Prosthodontics	Intrinsic AI	Tracing the margin line of the implant abutment	147 , 148
CT scans	CNN	To develop an automated mandible segmentation technique.	149 , 150
Panoramic radiographs	CNN	To evaluate the performance of a CNN for detecting osteoporosis	151 , 152
Orthodontics	Artificial neural networks (ANN)	Diagnosis of the need for orthodontic extraction	108 , 153
Periodontics	CNN	Diagnosis and prediction of periodontally compromised teeth	154 , 155
Oral medicine	ANN	To predict the occurrences of Bisphosphonate Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (BRONJ) associated with a dental extraction.	156 , 157
Dental periapical radiographs	CNN	To recognize and classify teeth position	158 , 159
Image segmentation	CNN and RNN	To develop a fully automated image analysis for mandible and anatomical landmark segmentation.	160 , 161
Dental Public Health	Fast R-CNN	Automatic teeth recognition, Craniomaxillofacial Landmark Detection	162 , 163
Endodontics	CNN	Score periapical lesion on an intraoral periapical radiograph For diagnosis and planning of treatment in endodontics	164 , 73
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	ANN, CNN, DL, MTM	Detection of ameloblastomas and keratocystic odontogenic tumors Diagnosing, treatment planning, and predicting the prognosis of orthognathic surgery	165 , 166
Oral Medicine and Pathology	ANN and CNN	Early oral cancer diagnosis, Dental image diagnosis	167 , 168 , 144
Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology	Deep CNNs	Dental and maxillofacial image analysis Detection and diagnosis of dental caries using a deep learning-based	169 , 170
Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics	CNN	Fully automatic segmentation of sinonasal cavity and pharyngeal airway based Accuracy detection of a posteroanterior cephalometric landmark	171 , 172
Pediatric Dentistry	Augmented Reality (AR)	To motivate oral hygiene practice in children: protocol for the development. Evaluation of holohuman application as a novel educational tool in dentistry	173 , 174
Periodontics	Deep CNN	Identify and classify dental implant systems using panoramic and periapical radiographs. Diagnosis and prediction of compromised teeth	175 , 154
Prosthodontics	ML	Oral and craniofacial imaging Tooth-supported fixed and removable prosthodontics	176 , 114
Application of Artificial Intelligence in 3D Digital Dentistry
CAD/CAM	CNN	Estimate the debonding probability of CAD/CAM crowns	177
	Intrinsic AI and algorithms of CAD software	Automatically trace the margin line of the implant abutment through subgingival.	178
	ML models (RF, ET, LightBM, CBDT, and XGBoost)	Predict the flexural strength of CAD/CAM resin composite blocks (RCBs)	179
	CNN	CAD/CAM implant dentistry planning using three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images	180
3D printing	(ANN) supported by genetic algorithms (GA)	Optimization of the 3D-printing process in terms of features and material selection	181
	DL	Fabrication and maturation of 3D bioprinter tissues and organs	182
	DL-based PointNet++ model	3D Printing of Tooth Model	183
3D scanning	CNN	Enhancing the resolution of CT image assessment	184
	ML	Diagnosis and planning in plastic and reconstructive surgery	185
	CNN	Tooth segmentation	186
	Generative adversarial network	Tooth segmentation	187
	CNN	Automated tooth labeling	188