Table 2.
Comparison of Baseline Characteristics Between Subjects With and Without Incident Presenting VI
| Baseline Characteristics | Subjects Without Incident Presenting VI∗ (n = 5037) | Subjects With Incident Presenting VI∗ (n = 514) | P Value† |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 55.6 (8.6) | 61.4 (9.9) | < 0.001 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 2557 (50.8) | 244 (47.5) | 0.155 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||
| Malay | 1312 (26.0) | 214 (41.6) | < 0.001 |
| Indian | 1704 (33.8) | 133 (25.9) | |
| Chinese | 2021 (40.1) | 167 (32.5) | |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1229 (24.4) | 179 (34.8) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 2144 (43.5) | 233 (46.9) | 0.152 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2813 (56.0) | 361 (70.4) | < 0.001 |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 385 (7.6) | 70 (13.6) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 319 (6.5) | 70 (14.3) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | 485 (9.6) | 33 (6.4) | 0.017 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 731 (14.5) | 93 (18.1) | 0.028 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.4 (4.4) | 25.4 (4.3) | 0.865 |
| Type of housing, n (%) | |||
| 1- to 2-room public flat | 203 (4.0) | 52 (10.2) | < 0.001 |
| 3- to 4-room public flat | 2915 (58.1) | 351 (68.6) | |
| 5-room public flat and better | 1903 (37.9) | 109 (21.3) | |
| Monthly income, n (%) | |||
| SGD < $2000 | 3372 (68.6) | 439 (85.7) | < 0.001 |
| SGD ≥ $2000 | 1544 (31.4) | 73 (14.3) | |
| Education level, n (%) | |||
| No formal education | 654 (13.0) | 170 (33.2) | < 0.001 |
| Formal education‡ | 4376 (87.0) | 342 (66.8) |
SGD = Singapore dollar; VA = visual acuity; VI = visual impairment.
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) or number (percentage), where appropriate.
∗
Based on United States definition—VI was defined as VA < 20/40 (i.e., inclusive of low vision and blindness, based on better-seeing eye).
†
P value was estimated based on chi-square or independent t test, where appropriate.
‡
Formal education was defined as having primary or higher education.