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. 2023 Aug 21;11(11):7160–7171. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3642

TABLE 1.

Independent variables and their levels were used in the response surface design.

Independent variables Levels
−1 0 +1
Sonication time (X1) (min) 30 50 70
Sonication temperature (X2) (°C) 50 60 70
Stirring speed (X3) (rpm) 500 750 1000