Table 3.
Metabolism-relevant and non-invasive biomarkers in IBD and CRC
| Biomarkers | Study | Result | Diagnostic/prognostic | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLUT-1 | 20 CRC patients | GLUT-1 overexpression associate to Tumor Size, and Depth of Invasion | Prognostic | [136] |
| HK1 | Colonic tissue | Inflammatory role of HK-1 | Can be used as a prognostic biomarker | [137] |
| Linoleic acid and 12-hydroxy-8,10-octadecadienoic acid | gut microbiome and the metabolic profiles were studied by using UHPLC-Q-TOF–MS/MS metabolomics and 16S rDNA sequencing technology in rats | Intestinal microbiota and host metabolism are involved in the pathophysiological process of IBD transition to CRC | Biomarkers for predicting UC transition to CRC | [138] |
| Serum M2-PK | Molecular epidemiology study on the serum of CRC patients | Serum M2-PK is a potential screening test for CRC | Diagnostic/early detection of CRC | [139] |
| Fecal tumor M2-PK | Case–control | Sensitive biomarker for pre-selection for colonoscopy | Diagnostic | [140] |
| Thymidine, Fumarate, Hippurate, cis-Aconitate, Pyridoxic acid, Cinnamic acid, Homogentisic acid, Indoleacetate, Trigonelline, Creatinine, Creatine, Uracil, Urea | Proton 1H-NMR study of CRC patients | The findings support the value of NMR-based urinary metabolomics fingerprinting for CRC early diagnosis | Diagnosis | [141] |
| Lipogenic enzymes, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, triacylglycerol | Lipidomic analysis in a cohort | CRC lipidome showed a TG-species profile | Prognostic | [142] |
| Six metabolic genes (NAT2, XDH, GPX3, AKR1C4, SPHK1, and ADCY5) expression | Bioinformatics analysis of Cancer Genome Atlas database | Several metabolic genes play role in the survival and clinical stage of CRC | Diagnostic/Prognostic | [143] |
| DMA, Arginine | CRC patients undergoing surgery | L-arginine/NO pathway metabolites can be used for screening | Prognostic | [144] |
| Hydroxylated, polyunsaturated ultra-long-chain fatty acids | Case–control study using FTICR-MS | These metabolites’ decrease CRC | Diagnostic | [145] |
| DPEP1 | A meta-analysis of microarray and SAGE | DPEP1 can be used for screening of early neoplastic lesions | Prognostic | [146] |
| D-2-hydroxyglutarate | Mouse model | D-2-hydroxyglutarate decrease in progressive UC | Prognostic | [147] |
| Haemoglobin FIT | Case–control | Haemoglobin quantification in CM is a noticeable marker to detect CRC | Diagnosis | [148] |
| Fecal Calprotectin, and Stool Lactoferrin | Meta-analysis | FC, and SL are valuable biomarkers for defining the disease activity in IBD | Prognostic | [149] |
| MMP-9 | A pilot study on faecal MMP-9 | Fecal MMP-9 might be used as a non-invasive-biomarker | Prognostic | [150] |
M2-PK: M2-pyruvate kinase, UHPLC-Q-TOF–MS/MS: Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry, H-NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, DMA: Dimethylarginines and dimethylamine, FTICR-MS : Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, DPEP1: Dipeptidase 1, SAGE: Serial Analysis of Gene Expression, FIT: Fecal immunochemical, CM: Colorectal mucus, FC: Fecal calprotectin, SL: Stool lactoferrin, MMP-9: Matrix-metalloproteinase-9