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. 2023 Nov 8;18:70. doi: 10.1186/s13027-023-00546-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Forest plot of the association between baseline HPV serostatus and type-specific HPV incident detection by HIV status for A HPV-16 and B HPV-18. †Indicates estimates that are adjusted for confounders; NA = Not available. Participants included in the publication by Kelly et al. [40] were restricted to women living with HIV. The other publications reported separate estimates of measures of association by HIV status. CD4 cell counts of HIV positive individuals were reported in varying format by publications (threshold, median). All 5 publications adjusted for the baseline CD4 cell counts in the calculation of estimates in either main analysis or sensitivity analysis. Only two publications reported information regarding treatment status of HIV positive individuals at baseline and/or throughout the study period