Table 2.
Subgroup analyses of the association between baseline HPV-16 serostatus and HPV-16 incident detection
| HPV-16 | Subgroup | Females | Males | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na | Estimates [95% CI], I2b | p -valuec | Na | Estimates [95% CI], I2b | p-valuec | ||
| (A) Primary outcomes | |||||||
| Incident detection | 11 | 0.70 [0.61–0.80], 32% | NA | 5 | 1.43 [1.12–1.83], 0% | NA | |
| Persistent HPV positivity | 6 months | 4 | 0.58 [0.44–0.77], 1% | 0.39 | 1 | 1.39 [0.80–2.41], NA | NA |
| 12 months | 5 | 0.68 [0.56–0.83], 0% | NA | ||||
| Stratified by HIV status | HIV negative | 1 | 1.68 [0.63–4.46], NA | 0.31 | 1 | 1.70 [0.79–3.66], NA | 0.64 |
| HIV positive | 3 | 0.97 [0.64–1.48], 0% | 1 | 1.00 [0.44–2.29], NA | |||
| (B) Subgroup analysis for incident detection | |||||||
| Detection site | Cervical | 11 | 0.70 [0.44–1.12], 32% | NA | NA | 0.81 | |
| Penile/scrotal | NA | 2 | 1.36 [1.01–1.83], 0% | ||||
| Anal | NA | 2 | 1.60 [0.99–2.56], 0% | ||||
| Oral | NA | 1 | 1.70 [0.50–5.90], NA | ||||
| Sexual orientation (among males)d | MSM | NA | 5 | 1.30 [098–1.74], 0% | 0.45 | ||
| MSW | 2 | 1.41 [1.05–1.91], 0% | |||||
| MSWM | 1 | 0.88 [0.45–1.73], NA | |||||
| Age groupe | ≤ 30 years old | 3 | 0.64 [0.49–0.84], 39% | 0.61 | 1 | 1.15 [0.31–4.20], NA | 0.55 |
| > 30 years old | 6 | 0.84 [0.54–1.32], 55% | 2 | 2.08 [0.99–4.40], 0% | |||
| (C) Sensitivity analysis for incident detection | |||||||
| Crude versus adjusted | Crude | 8 | 0.69 [0.60–0.80], 47% | 0.8 | 3 | 1.80 [0.94–3.43], 0% | 0.45 |
| Adjusted | 3 | 0.70 [0.58–0.80], 0% | 2 | 1.38 [1.05–1.80], 0% | |||
| Reported versus self-calculated | Reported | 5 | 0.67 [0.58–0.78], 36% | 0.53 | 5 | 1.43 [1.12–1.83], 0% | NA |
| Self-calculated | 6 | 0.70 [0.60–0.82], 40% | NA | ||||
| Measure type | IRR | 3 | 0.64 [0.55–0.75], 35% | 0.21 | 1 | 1.15 [0.3–4.20], NA | 0.74 |
| HR | 2 | 0.78 [0.58–1.06], 0% | 4 | 1.44 [1.12–1.86], 0% | |||
| RR | 4 | 0.88 [0.66–1.18], 0% | NA | ||||
| OR | 2 | 0.64 [0.44–0.92], 79% | NA | ||||
| Serologic assayf | Neutralizing | 4 | 0.69 [0.38–1.25], 62% | 0.92 | NA | NA | |
| Non-neutralization | 7 | 0.67 [0.59–0.76], 0% | 5 | 1.43 [1.12–1.83], 0% | |||
| DNA primerg | PGMY09/11 | 2 | 0.61 [0.47–0.79], 28% | <0.05 | 3 | 1.80 [0.94–3.43], 0% | 0.76 |
| SPF10 | 5 | 0.70 [0.61–0.81], 0% | 1 | 1.40 [0.81–2.42], NA | |||
| MY09/11 | 3 | 0.91 [0.67–1.22], 0% | NA | ||||
| Length of follow up | 0–20 months | 1 | 0.94 [0.35–2.54], NA | 0.67 | 2 | 1.36 [0.82–2.25], 0% | 0.93 |
| 20–60 months | 5 | 0.67 [0.58–0.78], 38% | 1 | 1.70 [0.50–5.90], NA | |||
| 60 + months | 5 | 0.70 [0.59–0.82], 48% | 2 | 1.48 [1.02–2.14], 12% | |||
| Study quality | High | 2 | 0.74 [0.54–1.01], 0% | 0.76 | 1 | 2.34 [0.92–5.97], NA | 0.29 |
| Medium | 9 | 0.70 [0.59–0.82], 14% | 4 | 2.38 [1.07–1.78], 19% | |||
aN = number of estimates pooled together. bBetween study heterogeneity was measured using the I2 statistic. cDifferences between subgroups were tested using the Q statistic (two-sided 5% alpha level). The p value is presented. dMSM = Men who have sex with men; MSW = Men who have sex with women; MSWM = Men who have sex with men and women. eMedian/ mean age of the group of participants for each estimate was used. fNeutralizing assay includes: Multiplex PsV-Luminex assay, cLIA, and SEAP-NA. Non-neutralizing assays includes: VLP-ELISA, Luminex-based multiplex serology assay. gDNA primers sets have differing sensitivity of detection as follows: MY09/11 < SPF10 < PGMY09/11 (highest sensitivity to lowest). NA indicates when there is no estimate falling into the respective category (not able to pool)