Table 3.
Subgroup analyses of the association between baseline HPV-18 serostatus and HPV-18 incident detection
| HPV-18 | Subgroup | Females | Males | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na | Estimates [95%CI], I2b | p-valuec | Na | Estimates [95%CI], I2b | p-valuec | ||
| (A) Primary outcomes | |||||||
| Incident detection | 7 | 0.97 [0.83–1.13], 0% | NA | 3 | 1.15 [0.72–1.83], 0% | NA | |
| Persistent detection | 6 months | 3 | 0.84 [0.45–1.58], 70% | 0.99 | 1 | 0.19 [0.03–1.28], NA | NA |
| 12 months | 4 | 0.84 [0.62–1.15], 0% | NA | ||||
| Stratified by HIV status | HIV negative | 1 | 0.15 [0.02–1.16], NA | 0.12 | 1 | 1.10 [0.40–3.06], NA | 0.37 |
| HIV positive | 2 | 0.41 [0.08–2.03], 66% | 1 | 2.30 [0.73–7.22], NA | |||
| (B) Subgroup analysis for incident detection | |||||||
| Detection site | Cervical | 7 | 0.97 [0.83–1.13], 0% | NA | NA | 0.26 | |
| Penile/scrotal | NA | 2 | 0.93 [0.55–1.58], 0% | ||||
| Anal | NA | 1 | 1.50 [0.79–2.86], NA | ||||
| Oral | NA | NA | |||||
| Sexual orientation (among men)d | MSM | NA | 2 | 1.42 [0.78–2.61], 0% | 0.71 | ||
| MSW | 1 | 1.01 [0.51–2.01], NA | |||||
| MSWM | 1 | 1.02 [0.41–2.56], NA | |||||
| Age group e | ≤ 30 years old | 2 | 0.95 [0.68–1.31], 0% | 0.65 | 1 | 1.83 [0.18–18.39], NA | NA |
| > 30 years old | 4 | 0.61 [0.25–1.48], 71% | NA | ||||
| (C) Sensitivity analysis for incident detection | |||||||
| Crude versus adjusted | Crude | 5 | 1.00 [0.80–1.26], 0% | 0.67 | 1 | 1.83 [0.18–28.39], NA | 0.69 |
| Adjusted | 2 | 0.94 [0.77–1.16], 0% | 2 | 1.13 [0.69–1.85], 29% | |||
| Reported versus self-calculated | Reported | 3 | 0.93 [0.76–1.13], 0% | 0.45 | 3 | 1.15 [0.72–1.83], 0% | NA |
| Self-calculated | 4 | 1.05 [0.82–1.33], 0% | NA | ||||
| Measure type | IRR | 2 | 0.94 [0.78–1.14], 0% | 0.67 | 1 | 1.83 [0.18–28.39], NA | 0.67 |
| HR | 1 | 0.95 [0.59–1.52], NA | 2 | 1.13 [0.69–1.85], 29% | |||
| RR | 3 | 116 [0.82–1.64], 0% | NA | ||||
| OR | 1 | 0.80 [0.44–1.46], NA | NA | ||||
| Serologic assayf | Neutralizing | 1 | 1.02 [0.64–1.63], NA | 0.83 | NA | NA | |
| Non-neutralization | 6 | 0.96 [0.82–1.13], 0% | 3 | 1.15 [0.72–1.83], 0% | |||
| DNA primerg | PGMY09/11 | 1 | 0.80 [0.44–1.46], NA | 0.44 | 1 | 1.83 [0.18–28.39], NA | 0.49 |
| SPF10 | 4 | 0.94 [0.79–1.12], 0% | 1 | 1.50 [0.79–2.86], NA | |||
| MY09/11 | 2 | 1.19 [0.82–1.72], 2% | NA | ||||
| Length of follow up | 0–20 months | NA | 0.35 | 2 | 1.52 [0.2–2.83], 0% | 0.21 | |
| 20–60 months | 4 | 0.93 [0.78–1.11], 0% | NA | ||||
| 60+ months | 3 | 1.09 [0.82–1.46], 0% | 1 | 0.90 [0.53–1.55], NA | |||
| Study quality | High | 1 | 0.80 [0.44–1.46], NA | 0.51 | NA | NA | |
| Medium | 6 | 0.98 [0.84–1.15], 0% | 3 | 1.15 [0.72–1.83], 0% | |||
aN = number of estimates pooled together. bBetween study heterogeneity was measured using the I2 statistic. cDifferences between subgroups were tested using the Q statistic (two-sided 5% alpha level). The p-value is presented. dMSM = Men who have sex with men; MSW = Men who have sex with women; MSWM = Men who have sex with men and women. eMedian/ mean age of the group of participants for each estimate was used. fNeutralizing assay includes: Multiplex PsV-Luminex assay, cLIA, and SEAP-NA. Non-neutralizing assays includes: VLP-ELISA, Luminex-based multiplex serology assay. gDNA primers sets have differing sensitivity of detection as follows: MY09/11 < SPF10 < PGMY09/11 (highest sensitivity to lowest). NA indicates when there is no estimate falling into the respective category (not able to pool)