Table 3.

Assessment/management of comorbid conditions.

Comorbidity	Clinical assessment/tests	Pharmacological treatment	Non-pharmacological treatment
Cardiovascular disease	Blood pressure, chest X-ray, ECG, BNP, UCG	Indication of comorbid heart failure, consider selective β1-blocker	Management of risk factors, such as obesity and cigarette smoking
Lung cancer	Chest X-ray, chest CT scan
Frailty	Fried criteria, PROMs-D scale, 60 accelerometer	PROMs-D ⩾1: consider SABA assist use 63	PROMs-D ⩾ 1: consider coaching and pulmonary rehabilitation
Obstructive sleep apnoea	Polygraphy/polysomnography		• AHI > 5 consider CPAP • Sleep hygiene and patient education to avoid risk factors such as alcohol use and weight gain
Respiratory failure	Pulse oximetry, ABGA		• PaO2 < 60 mmHg: consider LTOT • Consider long-term NPPV if: ○ PaCO2 > 50 mmHg during daytime spontaneous breathing or >55 mmHg during night-time spontaneous breathing 62 ○ Persistent hypercapnia >53 mmHg for ⩾14 days following treatment with non-invasive ventilation for an exacerbation62,66,67
Obesity	BMI, bioelectrical impedance analysis		Diet, exercise

ABGA, arterial blood gas analysis; AHI, apnoea -hypopnoea index; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; CT, computed tomography; ECG, electrocardiogram; LTOT, long-term oxygen therapy; NPPV, non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation; PaCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood; PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood; PROMs-D, patient-reported outcome measures for dyspnoea-related behaviour and activity limitation; SABA, short-acting β2-agonist; UCG, ultrasound echocardiography.