Table 2. Observational studies on cranberry supplementation for UTI prophylaxis during pregnancy.

MBRN: Medical Birth Registry of Norway; WG: weeks of gestation; VB: vaginal bleeding; BW: birth weight; LBW: low birth weight; SGA: small for gestational age; ICD: International Classification of Diseases; w/o: without; SCM: sternocleidomastoid muscle

*MoBa is the Norwegian mother and child population-based prospective cohort study

Study	Design/sample size	Entry criteria	Exposure/regimen	Data collection	Selected outcomes	Results
Heitmann et al. (2013) [52]	Nested prospective cohort study	Inclusion criteria	Cranberry use	1st questionnaire at 13-17WG PLUS routine fetal US at 17-18WG	VB <17WG & ≥17WG	919 exposed subjects
	Sample size: 68.522	1. MoBa study's participants (available MBRN records plus 1st questionnaire results)	1. Overall	2nd questionnaire at 30WG	Hospitalization due to VB <17WG & ≥17WG	566 exposed subjects <17WG (≥80% of statistical power to rule out all malformations, serious malformations, LBW, low Apgar score, preterm birth, neonatal infections, cardiac malformations, or stillbirth/neonatal death)
		Exclusion criteria	2. Early pregnancy (<17WG)	3rd questionnaire at six months postpartum	VB more than spotting after 17WG	122 exposed women during the first trimester revealed no increased risk of defects
		1. Multiple pregnancies	3. Late pregnancy (≥17WG)		All malformations	11 infants had malformations w/o specific pattern
		2. Delivered infants had multiple birth defects	Unknown daily dose, duration of treatment, total dose, and adjunct herbals		Stillbirth (≥22WG or BW of ≥425 gram)	1) two cases of hypospadias
					LBW (<2500 grams)	2) two cases of macrocephaly
					SGA (<10th percentile)	3) four cases of hip or feet dislocation/deformity
					Preterm birth (<37WG)	4) one case of SCM deformity
					Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes	5) one case of ankyloglossia
					Neonatal infections (ICD-10 P35-39)	6) one case of undescended testicles
						Cranberry users more frequently experienced vaginal spotting after 17WG, but no association was found after adjustments for confounders