TABLE 2.

Summary of the significant behavioral effects of direct stress and vicarious stress in comparison with control conditions

	Direct stress phenotype	Vicarious stress phenotype
Immediately following acute stress	Circling	Circling
	n.s.	Nest relocation
	Reduced litter contact	Reduced litter contact
	Reduced nursing	n.s.
	Reduced licking	n.s.
	Fragmented care	Fragmented care
	Pup avoidance	n.s.
	Increased maternal anxiety	Increased maternal anxiety
24 h after last acute stress	Reduced litter contact	Reduced litter contact
	Reduced nursing	Reduced nursing
	Fragmented care	n.s.
	Pup avoidance	n.s.
	Increased maternal anxiety	n.s.

Acute stress refers to behavioral changes immediately following intruder exposure. Twenty-four hours after stress refers to behavioral changes observed 24 h later during the post test. Behaviors are color coded based on experimental group compared with control dams. Bold text indicates both direct and vicarious stress dams’ behavior at a significantly different rate than controls. Italicized text indicates direct stress dams’ behavior at a significantly higher rate than controls. Underlined text indicates vicarious dams’ behavior at a significantly higher rate than controls; n.s., nonsignificant difference.