Table 1. Characteristics for neonates with birth asphyxia by birth location.
| All patients (N = 1,565) n (%) |
Inborn (N = 803) n (%) |
Outborn (N = 762) n (%) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Demographics | ||||
| Mother’s age (years) (n = 1374) | ||||
| <20 | 330 (24.0) | 145 (22.0) | 185 (25.9) | |
| 20–35 | 942 (68.6) | 460 (69.8) | 482 (67.4) | |
| >35 | 102 (7.4) | 54 (8.2) | 48 (6.7) | |
| Gravida (n = 1474) | ||||
| 1 (primigravid) | 612 (45.5) | 292 (39.1) | 320 (44.0) | |
| 2–3 | 494 (33.5) | 256 (34.3) | 238 (32.7) | |
| ≥ 4 | 368 (25.0) | 199 (26.6) | 169 (23.3) | |
| Antenatal care visits (n = 1302) | ||||
| 0 | 3 (0.2) | 3 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 1–3 | 564 (43.3) | 289 (45.2) | 275 (41.5) | |
| ≥ 4 | 735 (56.5) | 348 (54.4) | 387 (58.5) | |
| Maternal district (n = 1565) | * | |||
| Within KH district | 578 (36.9) | 327 (40.7) | 251 (32.9) | |
| Outside KH district | 987 (63.1) | 476 (59.3) | 511 (67.1) | |
| Mode of transport (n = 1565) | (maternal) | (newborn) | ** | |
| Ambulance | 334 (21.3) | 78 (9.7) | 256 (33.6) | |
| Another vehicle | 1096 (70.0) | 607 (75.6) | 489 (64.2) | |
| Bicycle or foot | 135 (8.6) | 118 (14.7) | 17 (2.2) | |
| At Birth | ||||
| Type of birth attendant (n = 1565) | ** | |||
| Doctor | 511 (32.6) | 379 (47.2) | 132 (17.3) | |
| Midwife/nurse | 1035 (66.1) | 422 (52.6) | 613 (80.5) | |
| TBA, family member or other | 19 (1.2) | 2 (0.2) | 17 (2.2) | |
| Mode of delivery (n = 1565) | ** | |||
| Vaginal | 1083 (69.2) | 441 (54.9) | 642 (84.2) | |
| Caesarean section | 482 (30.8) | 362 (45.1) | 120 (15.8) | |
| Meconium-stained fluid (n = 1039) | ** | |||
| No | 585 (56.3) | 333 (51.5) | 252 (64.1) | |
| Yes | 454 (43.7) | 313 (48.5) | 141 (35.9) | |
| Cried at birth (n = 1388) | ||||
| No | 1146 (82.6) | 581 (72.3) | 565 (83.2) | |
| Yes | 242 (17.4) | 128 (15.9) | 114 (16.8) | |
| Apgar—median [IQR] | ||||
| 1 minute (n = 1227) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 6 (5–7) | |
| 5 minute (n = 1202) | 6 (5–8) | 6 (5–7) | 7 (5–8) | |
| Infant characteristics | ||||
| Sex (n = 1565) | ||||
| Female | 608 (38.8) | 314 (39.1) | 294 (38.6) | |
| Male | 957 (61.2) | 489 (60.9) | 468 (61.4) | |
| Multiple birth (n = 1560) | * | |||
| Singleton | 1488 (95.4) | 754 (94.1) | 734 (96.7) | |
| Multiple birth | 72 (4.6) | 47 (5.9) | 25 (3.3) | |
| Age at admission (days) (n = 1565) | ** | |||
| Day of birth | 1410 (90.1) | 793 (98.7) | 617 (81.0) | |
| 1–2 days of age | 141 (9.0) | 6 (0.8) | 135 (17.7) | |
| 3+ | 14 (0.9) | 4 (0.5) | 10 (1.3) | |
| Birthweight (n = 1546) | ||||
| < 2.5kg | 162 (10.5) | 91 (11.4) | 71 (9.5) | |
| 2.5–4.49kg | 1369 (88.5) | 703 (87.9) | 666 (89.3) | |
| 4.5kg+ | 15 (1.0) | 6 (0.8) | 9 (1.2) | |
| Admission Vital Signs | ||||
| Temperature (°C) (n = 1537) | ** | |||
| < 36.5 | 898 (58.4) | 604 (76.7) | 294 (39.2) | |
| 36.5–37.9 | 480 (31.2) | 179 (22.7) | 301 (40.1) | |
| ≥ 38 | 159 (10.3) | 4 (0.5) | 155 (20.7) | |
| Respiratory rate (bpm) (n = 1379) | ||||
| < 30 | 42 (3.1) | 22 (3.1) | 20 (3.0) | |
| 30–60 | 638 (46.3) | 350 (49.4) | 288 (43.0) | |
| > 60 | 699 (50.7) | 337 (47.5) | 362 (54.0) | |
| Oxygen saturation (%) (n = 1417) | ||||
| < 90 | 556 (36.2) | 298 (41.5) | 258 (36.9) | |
| ≥ 90 | 861 (60.8) | 420 (58.5) | 441 (63.1) | |
| Blood sugar (mmol/L) (n = 1441) | * | |||
| < 2.6 | 96 (6.7) | 39 (5.2) | 57 (8.2) | |
| 2.6–8.3 | 1058 (73.4) | 546 (73.0) | 512 (73.9) | |
| >8.3 | 287 (19.9) | 163 (21.8) | 124 (17.9) | |
| Clinical Course | ||||
| Therapies received: | ||||
| Phototherapy (n = 1545) | 283 (18.3) | 130 (16.3) | 153 (20.4) | * |
| Blood transfusion (n = 1555) | 22 (1.4) | 11 (1.4) | 11 (1.4) | |
| Bubble CPAP (n = 1543) | 277 (18.0) | 110 (13.9) | 167 (22.2) | ** |
| Died during admission | 339 (21.7) | 103 (12.8) | 236 (31.0) | ** |
*p <0.05
** <0.001