Table 4.
Results of the pairwise comparisons between groups post-intervention.
| Outcome measures | Pairwise comparisons |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Low-volume HIIT versus high-volume HIIT |
Low-volume HIIT versus not exercising |
High-volume HIIT versus not exercising |
||||
| MD, 95% CI | p-value | MD, 95% CI | p-value | MD, 95% CI | p-value | |
| HbA1c(%) | 0.47, [0.25, 0.68] | 0.039† | 1.07, [0.78, 1.35] | <0.001† | 1.54, [1.32, 1.75] | <0.001† |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 9.33, [3.83, 14.82] | 0.009† | 15.79, [7.98, 23.59] | <0.001† | 25.12, [18.86, 31.37] | <0.001† |
| 2-hr PPBG (mg/dL) | 7.63, [1.78, 13.47] | 0.031† | 31.0, [23.06, 38.93] | <0.001† | 38.63, [32.57, 44.68] | <0.001† |
| TC (mg/dL) | 5.79, [-0.80, 12.38] | 0.364 | 16.62, [9.38, 23.85] | <0.001† | 22.41, [15.37, 29.44] | <0.001† |
| TG (mg/dL) | 7.62, [-1.89, 17.13] | 0.029† | 16.46, [7.09, 25.82] | 0.001† | 24.0, [14.52, 33.63] | <0.001† |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 0.98, [-2.00, 3.96] | >0.999 | 1.18, [-1.72, 4.08] | 0.032† | 2.16, [-0.86, 5.18] | 0.001† |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 6.38, [-0.03, 12.79] | 0.027† | 13.12, [6.47, 19.76] | <0.001† | 19.50, [12.71, 26.28] | <0.001† |
| SBP (mmHg) | 0.79, [-1.43, 3.01] | >0.999 | 4.12, [1.93, 6.30] | 0.001† | 4.91, [2.77, 7.04] | <0.001† |
| DBP (mmHg) | 1.00, [-1.55, 3.55] | >0.999 | 2.12, [-0.35, 4.59] | 0.232 | 3.12, [0.69, 5.54] | 0.030† |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.17, [-1.71, 2.05] | >0.999 | 2.41, [0.67, 4.14] | 0.020† | 2.58, [0.90, 4.25] | 0.031† |
| WC (cm) | 2.58, [-1.85, 7.01] | >0.999 | 6.45, [2.38, 10.51] | 0.001† | 9.03, [5.04, 13.01] | <0.001† |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.01, [-0.01, 0.03] | >0.999 | 0.06, [0.03, 0.08] | 0.032† | 0.07, [0.04, 0.09] | 0.035† |
| Treadmill time to maximal exhaustion (min) | 1.05, [0.44, 1.65] | 0.005† | 0.93, [0.26, 1.59] | 0.045† | 1.98, [1.33, 2.62] | <0.001† |
| PCS score of the SF-12 Health Survey | 0.12, [-3.37, 3.61] | >0.999 | 6.46, [3.17, 9.74] | 0.001† | 6.58, [2.99, 10.16] | 0.001† |
| MCS score of the SF-12 Health Survey | 4.04, [0.88, 7.19] | 0.075 | 6.20, [3.23, 9.16] | 0.024† | 10.24, [8.07, 12.40] | 0.009† |
MD: Mean difference between groups post-intervention. HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; FBG: fasting blood glucose; 2-hr PPBG: 2-hour post-prandial blood glucose. TC: Total cholesterol. TG: Triglycerides. HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure. DBP: diastolic blood pressure. BMI: body mass index. WC: waist circumference; SF-12: 12-item Short Form; PCS: Physical component summary; MCS: Mental component summary.† significant between-groups difference based on the Bonferroni correction test (p-value <0.05) .