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. 2023 Oct 25;623(7986):356–365. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06671-8

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 5 — a, Left: Protocol. Right: Artificial activation of TH neurons does not affect subsequent naïve shock avoidance, nor does TH neuron coactivation with 0273 neurons restore shock avoidance performance (n = 12; * p < 0.05; two-way ANOVA then multiple comparisons with Šidák’s correction; n.s. = not significant). b, Left: Protocol with variable time t between red light activation and shock avoidance testing. Right: Naïve shock avoidance remains impaired compared with genetic and protocol controls 10 min after β′2&γ4 DAN activation but returns to normal levels by 60 min (n = 20; * p < 0.05; two-way ANOVA then Tukey’s HSD). c, Left: Protocol. Right: Naïve shock avoidance is impaired after β′2&γ4 DANs are activated for just 30 s (n = 10; * p < 0.05; two-sided unpaired t-test). d, Left: Protocol. Right: Sucrose presentation to starved flies for 120 s does not affect subsequent naïve shock avoidance in UAS-CsChr/R15A04-GAL80; R48B04-GAL4 flies or UAS-CsChr/R15A04-GAL80 flies (n = 8; p > 0.05; two-way ANOVA; main effect of treatment: F(1,28) = 104.9, p = 0.66). All data mean ± SEM; dots are individual data points that correspond to independent behavioural experiments. Exact statistical values and comparisons in Supplementary Information.