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. 2023 Nov 1;623(7986):387–396. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06680-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 5 — a, Representative ultrasound images of left ventricle (long-axis view) and aortic arch. b, 20 Hz photostimulation induced changes in the arch. After stimulation, the ascending aorta diameter decreased (AoV Diam, p = 0.0197). Aortic blood flow was also measured using a color Doppler function. Peak blood velocity in the ascending aorta (AV Peak vel, p = 0.0499) dropped. Aortic acceleration time (AAT, p = 0.0499) showed an increase induced by stimulation, indicating longer latency to reach peak velocity in the ascending aorta (right, n = 5). c, 20 Hz photostimulation induced changes in the left ventricle. After stimulation left ventricle end-systolic area increased significantly (Area;s, p = 0.0108), but no obvious change was observed in other parameters (left, n = 6 for ChR2, n = 5 for tdTomato). d, 10 Hz photostimulation induced changes in the aortic arch. After 10 Hz stimulation, only AoV Diam decreased (n = 6 for ChR2, n = 5 for tdTomato, p = 0.0346). e-f, 10 Hz photostimulation induced changes in the left ventricle. No obvious change was observed except for decreased cardiac output (n = 6 for ChR2, n = 5 for tdTomato, NPY2R/tdT mice with 20 Hz stimulation from Fig. 2d were reused as control, p = 0.0101). g, Blood-pressure during 5 Hz and 10 Hz photostimulation did not change compared to baseline (n = 6). h, Respiration-rates during 5 Hz and 10 Hz light stimulation showed no changes (n = 8 for ChR2, n = 5 for tdTomato). i, Heart-rate with 10 Hz stimulation during freely moving conditions showed sustained reduction during (left, p = 0.0353) and after laser delivery (n = 9 for ChR2, n = 5 for tdTomato, p < 0.0001). p < 0.05*, p < 0.0001**** by two-tailed unpaired t-tests with Holm-Šidák multiple comparisons or two-way ANOVA with Šidák multiple comparisons. All error bars and shaded areas show mean ± s.e.m.