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. 2023 Nov 1;623(7986):387–396. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06680-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 13 — a, Schematic of vNAS with diphtheria toxin subunit A (DTA) mediated ablation of NPY2R VSNs. b, Representative image of nodose ganglia injected with AAV-mCherry-FLEX-DTA virus and stained with NPY2R antibody (n = 13). Scale bar, 100 μm. c, Mice were tested for syncope and EEG power drops before DTA injection (left, n = 11 sessions across 7 mice). After DTA ablation of NPY2R VSNs, the same mice showed no appreciable drops in EEG power (middle, n = 12 sessions across 6 mice). Subtraction plots show significant differences in expected time x frequency ranges that are associated with syncope. d, Step plot showing latency to 50% mean power drop relative to baseline between 8–100 Hz with photostimulation (blue area). Notably, no mice reached the 50% power threshold after DTA ablation (n = 6). e, vNAS induced heart-rate reduction in control and DTA group. DTA mice showed less robust reduction compared to control group with 20 Hz stimulation (n = 6, p < 0.0001). f, vNAS induced respiration-rate changes in control and DTA group. During 20 Hz vNAS, respiration-rate reduction was markedly suppressed in DTA group (n = 5, p < 0.0001). g, Blood-pressure did not decrease with 20 Hz vNAS in DTA group (n = 6, p = 0.0019). h-j, Cardiac metrics of left ventricle (n = 6) and aortic arch (DTA n = 6, control n = 5) measured by ultrasound in DTA mice with 20 Hz vNAS. Reduction in cardiac output (p = 0.0043) was blocked. Changes in other parameters also showed a trend of being blunted compared to control group (control group data was reused from 20 Hz NPY2R/ChR2 mice Fig. 2d, Extended Data Fig. 5b, c). p < 0.01**, p < 0.0001**** by two-tailed paired or unpaired t-tests with Holm-Šidák multiple comparisons or two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Šidák multiple comparisons. All error bars show mean ± s.e.m.