Table 3.
Characteristics of the most commonly reported adverse drug events (n ≥ 5) among the top 10 most commonly reported culprit drugs
| Top 10 culprit drugs | ADE type(s) | Symptoms/diagnoses | Reports/drug, n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrochlorothiazide (n = 120) | Adverse Drug Reaction | Hyponatraemia | 60 (50.0) |
| Hypokalaemia | 10 (8.3) | ||
| Hypokalaemia and hyponatraemia | 8 (6.7) | ||
| Dizziness and hyponatraemia | 5 (4.2) | ||
| Ramipril (n = 113) | Adverse Drug Reaction | Angioedema | 20 (17.7) |
| Cough | 15 (13.3) | ||
| Acute kidney injury | 12 (10.6) | ||
| Hyperkalaemia | 9 (8.0) | ||
| Acute kidney injury and hyperkalaemia | 6 (5.3) | ||
| Hypotension | 6 (5.3) | ||
| Apixaban (n = 99) | Adverse Drug Reaction | Gastrointestinal haemorrhage | 14 (14.1) |
| Haematuria | 10 (10.1) | ||
| Epistaxis | 7 (7.1) | ||
| Chronic gastrointestinal bleeding | 5 (5.1) | ||
| Furosemide (n = 99) | Adverse Drug Reaction | Acute kidney injury | 11 (11.1) |
| Hyponatraemia | 6 (6.1) | ||
| Hypokalaemia | 5 (5.1) | ||
| Non-adherence | Cardiac failure congestive | 7 (7.1) | |
| Acetylsalicylic acid (n = 95) | Adverse Drug Reaction | Gastrointestinal haemorrhage | 28 (29.5) |
| Chronic gastrointestinal bleeding | 7 (7.4) | ||
| Haematuria | 5 (5.3) | ||
| Warfarin (n = 88) | Adverse Drug Reaction | Laboratory test abnormal | 8 (9.1) |
| Gastrointestinal haemorrhage | 7 (8.0) | ||
| Supratherapeutic Dose | International normalised ratio increased | 5 (5.7) | |
| Rivaroxaban (n = 83) | Adverse Drug Reaction | Gastrointestinal haemorrhage | 11 (13.3) |
| Epistaxis | 9 (10.8) | ||
| Haematuria | 7 (8.4) | ||
| Hemoptysis | 6 (7.2) | ||
| Lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage | 5 (6.0) | ||
| Empagliflozin (n = 68) | Adverse Drug Reaction | Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis | 34 (50.0) |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | 12 (17.6) | ||
| Spironolactone (n = 66) | Adverse Drug Reaction | Hyperkalaemia | 15 (22.7) |
| Acute kidney injury and hyperkalaemia | 7 (10.6) | ||
| Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (n = 58) | Adverse Drug Reaction | Hyperkalemia | 8 (13.8) |
| Rash | 6 (10.3) |
ADE adverse drug event