Table 1.

Selected treatments related to glycolytic enzymes and their mechanisms

Enzymes	Related diseases	Treatment	Mechanism	Effects	References
Hexokinase	Myocardial infarction	IPC	Phosphorylation of HK2 at Thr-473 via the Akt signaling pathway, thereby increasing HK2 binding to mitochondria	Improved myocardial resistance to mPTP openig and cell death after reperfusion	[16]
Hexokinase	Myocardial infarction	Low temperature	Similar to IPC	Reduces cardiac energy demand and prevents ischemia–reperfusion injury	[37]
Hexokinase	Cardiomegaly	PHLPP	Dephosphorylates Akt and reduces the level of HK2 bound to cardiac mitochondria	Associated with the development of cardiac hypertrophy	[51]
Hexokinase	Ischemia–reperfusion	Resveratrol	Inhibits VDAC1 phosphorylation via the Akt-GSK3β pathway and promotes de-VDAC1 binding to HK2	Prevention of ischemia–reperfusion injury	[32]
Hexokinase	Ischemia–reperfusion	Melatonin	It inhibits mitochondrial fission by activating AMPKα	Protects the cardiac microvascular system from IR	[38]
Hexokinase	Ischemia–reperfusion	TAT-HK2	Induced HK2 translocation from mitochondria	Exacerbates cardiac reperfusion injury	[41]
Hexokinase	Heart failure	QXF	Promote the activation of KLF5, which in turn increases the activity of the HK2 gene promoter	Induces glucose metabolism and inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis	[52]
Hexokinase	Heart Failure	Cana	Inhibition of IL-6 release and ERK1/2 phosphorylation by reducing HK2 expression, ultimately leading to reduced inflammation in endothelial cells	Reducing Vascular Inflammation in Heart Failure	[53]
PFK1	Heart failure	TIGAR	Increases endothelial glycolytic function	Improves endothelial angiogenesis and thereby improves heart failure	[69]
Aldolase	Heart Failure	Ginsenoside Rg1	It regulates the aldolase/AMP-activated protein kinase/PINK1 pathway	Limiting nutritional stress-induced H9c2 cell injury	[201]
ENO	Heart failure	KS/Serpina3c	Inhibits transcriptional activation of ENO1 by regulating acetylation of Nr4a1, ultimately reducing excessive activation of glycolysis	Prevention of myocardial fibrosis after MI	[117]
PKM	Myocardial infarction	PCA	Promoting Cy-clin-D1 and C-Myc expression through regulation of the β-linked protein/TCF4 signaling cascade	Reduces heart damage and protects cardiomyocytes from apoptosis	[202]
PKM	Ischemia–reperfusion	ISB	Targeting PKM2 to reduce macrophage inflammation	Reduces damage caused by I / R	[139]
PKM	Heart failure	TEPP-46、2-DG	Promotes the formation of stable tetramers with high pyruvate kinase activity	It provides a new idea for the treatment of chemotherapy drug-induced heart failure	[148]
LDH	Cardiomegaly	miR-375-3p inhibitors	Induced LDHB expression	It inhibits Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy	[161]