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. 2023 Nov 8;4:40. doi: 10.1186/s43556-023-00151-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Cytokine signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway in physiological conditions. Note: Top: 1A—receptors IL-2 (IL-2Rαβγ); 1B—receptors γc -family cytokines; 2–gp130 subunit receptors; 3—type II cytokine receptors; 4—type I cytokine receptors. Under standard physiological conditions, the JAK-STAT pathway acts as an indispensable cellular communication mechanism. Highlighted are distinct regulatory combinations integral to its functionality, including JAK1-JAK2-JAK3/IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15/JAK1, and JAK3. Center: Central to the depiction is the sophisticated intracellular machinery responsible for transcriptional and translational cascades, which are activated by specific cytokines. Bottom: Four cardinal roles of the JAK-STAT pathway under normal physiological conditions, undisturbed by external stressors, are elucidated: 1) Immune regulation: Modulating, differentiating, and activating immune cells. 2) Defense mechanisms: Spearheading potent antiviral and antitumor responses that determine the body's resistance to the occurrence of infectious and tumor diseases .3) Hematopoiesis: Governing the process of blood cell formation. 4) Metabolic regulation: Navigating cellular energy dynamics. In essence, this figure underscores the JAK-STAT pathway's paramount importance in cellular physiology, particularly in conditions devoid of stress