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. 2023 Nov 8;13:19384. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-45740-w

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2023

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Sample selection and analysis flow chart. (1) Selection and design of reference gene (RG) assays against potential optimal RGs, followed by assay validation. (2) Selection of sample RNA for determining RG stability. Samples were selected from prospective studies with study IDs, number of male (♂) and female (♀) animals required, and target organs indicated. (3) RG analysis methods. First, RG stability is assessed in each individual tissue, then across all tissue sets; finally, paired gene analysis was carried out to find optimal RG pairs.