. 2023 Aug 30;7(21):6466–6491. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010690

Table 2.

Summary of descriptive characteristics of included studies evaluating facility type and characteristics (n = 20), distance traveled to treatment center (n = 11), treatment facility volume (n = 4), and provider expertise (n = 2)

Author (year)	Data source years	US region	Patients N	Outcome/analysis	Cohorts	HR (95% CI)	Social determinant associated with worse survival
Treatment facility type and characteristics
Parikh et al,³⁹ (2015)	NCDB 1998-2011	National	HL 45 777	OS/multi	Community Comprehensive Academic	Ref. 0.89 (0.79-1.01) 0.78 (0.69-0.89)^∗	Treatment at community center
Patel et al,⁵ (2022)	Institutional 2007-2020	TX	NHL. 95	PFS at 2 years	Public Hospital NCI-CCC	56% 43%	-
				OS at 2 years	Public Hospital NCI-CCC	77% 55%	-
Dhakal et al,²² (2019)	NCDB 2006-2012	National	NHL 132 402	1-month mortality/uni	Academic Nonacademic	Data not showed	Treatment at nonacademic center
				1-month mortality/multi	Academic Nonacademic	Ref. 0.95 (0.86-1.06)	-
				OS/uni	Academic Nonacademic	95 vs 78 months^∗	Treatment at nonacademic center
				OS/multi	Academic Non-academic	Ref. 1.01 (0.97-1.05)	-
Go (2016)	NCDB 1998-2011	National	NHL 278 985	OS/multi	Academic Comprehensive Community	Ref. 1.05 (1.04-1.07)^† 1.03 (1.01-1.06)^†	Treatment at comprehensive or community center
Shah (2019)	NCDB 2004-2013	National	NHL 18 120	OS/multi	Academic Community Comprehensive	Ref. 1.12 (1.03-1.22)^∗ 1.06 (1.00-1.12)^∗	Treatment at community or comprehensive center
Ermann (2020)	NCDB 2004-2015	National	NHL 27 690	OS/multi	Nonacademic Academic	Ref. 0.86 (NS)	Treatment at nonacademic center
Tao et al,²⁵ (2014)	CCR. 2001-2009	CA	NHL 16 133	CSS/multi	Non-NCI NCI-designated	Ref. 0.90 (0.84-0.96)	Treatment at non–NCI-designated center
				OS/multi	No NCI-designated NCI-designated	Ref. 0.96 (0.90-1.01)	Treatment at non–NCI-designated center
Ai et al,²⁶ (2012)	CCR. 2001-2008	CA	NHL 213	OS/multi	Dx at no NCI-CCC Dx at NCI-CCC	Ref. 0.96 (0.59-1.54)	-
Chohan et al,¹⁸ (2022)	NCDB 2005-2014	National	WM. <65 y.o. 1249	OS/uni	Community Academic	Ref. 0.81 (0.60-1.11)	-
				OS/multi	Community Academic	Ref. 0.90 (0.62-1.30)	-
			WM ≥65 y.o. 2629	OS/uni	Community Academic	Ref. 0.86 (0.75-0.97)	Treatment at community center
				OS/multi	Community Academic	Ref. 0.93 (0.80-1.08)	-
Gunaratne et al,³⁵ (2021)	NCBD 2004-2014	National	WM 3064	OS/multi	Academic Non-academic	Ref. 0.90 (0.77-1.05)	-
Jayakrishnan (2021)	NCDB. 2004-2016	National	MM 50 543	OS/multi	Community Comprehensive Academic	Ref. 1.1 (0.97-1.05) 0.95 (0.91-0.98)^∗	Treatment at community center
Ho et al,²⁴ (2017)	CCR 1999-2012	CA	MM 6359	1-month mortality/multi	Private Kaiser NCI-designated Teaching	Ref. 0.91 (0.73-1.14) 0.45 (0.36-0.56)^∗ 0.92 (0.72-1.19)	Treatment at private hospital
Chamoun (2021)	NCDB 2005-2014	National	MM 117 926	OS/multi	Academic Other types	Ref. 1.49 (1.39-1.59)^∗	Treatment at community, comprehensive, or integrated center
Ailawadhi (2016)^‡	SEER-18 2003-2011	National	MM 34 529	OS/multi	0 NCI centers 1 NCI centers ≥ 2 NCI centers	Ref. 0.99 (0.95-1.04) 0.88 (0.84-0.93)^∗	No access to NCI centers
					0 NCCN centers 1 NCCN centers	Ref. 0.91 (0.86-0.95)^∗	No access to NCCN centers
Ghiassi-Nejad et al,²³ (2019)	NCDB 2004-2013	National	PM P-bone 4056	OS/multi	Community Comprehensive Academic/research Integrated	Ref. 0.95 (0.79-1.15) 0.76 (0.62-0.92)^∗ 0.97 (0.77-1.22)	Treatment at community center
			PM P-EM 1468	OS/multi	Community Comprehensive Academic/research Integrated	Ref. 1.38 (0.98-1.93) 1.29 (0.90-1.84) 1.48 (0.98-2.24)	-
Master et al,²⁸ (2016)	NCDB 1998 -2012	National	AML 67 443	OS/multi	Same facility Different facility	Ref. 0.87 (0.85-0.89)^†	Diagnosed and treated at the same facility
Bhatt (2017)	NCDB 2003-2011	National	AML 60 738	1-month/multi	Academic Nonacademic	Ref. 1.52 (1.46-1.59)^∗	Treatment at nonacademic center
Freeman et al,³² (2016)	NC CCR 2003-2009	NC	AML 553	OS/multi	Tx at NCI-CCC Non-NCI-CCC	Ref. 1.25 (0.95-1.65)	-
Master et al,²⁸ (2016)	NCDB 1998 -2012	National	AML 67 443	OS/multi	Academic Community Comprehensive	Ref. 1.02 (0.98-1.07) 1.04 (1.02-1.06)^†	Treatment at comprehensive center
Dhakal et al,¹⁷ (2022)	NCDB 2004-2015	National	APL <65 y.o. 5380	1-month mortality	Academic Community Comprehensive	Ref. 0.92 (0.37-2.28) 1.18 (0.89-1.57)	-
			APL ≥65 y.o. 1520	1-month mortality	Academic Community Comprehensive	Ref. 1.16 (0.53-2.50) 1.53 (1.14-2.04)^∗	Treatment at comprehensive center
			APL <65 y.o. 5380	OS/multi	Academic Community Comprehensive	Ref. 0.77 (0.47-1.28) 1.06 (0.90-1.24)	-
			APL ≥65 y.o. 1520	OS/multi	Academic Community Comprehensive	Ref. 1.17 (0.80-1.69) 1.19 (1.03-1.39)^∗	Treatment at comprehensive center
Distance traveled (in miles) to treatment center
Loberiza et al,³⁰ (2009)	UNMC 1982-2006	NE	HL 2330	OS/multi	NS	NS	-
Dhakal et al,²² (2019)	NCDB 2006-2012	National	NHL 132 402	OS/multi	< 5.7 5.7-13.3 13.4-36.9	Ref. 0.96 (0.93-0.98) 0.92 (0.89-0.94)^∗	Distance traveled 13.4 to 36.9 miles
Chohan et al,¹⁸ (2022)	NCDB 2004-2017	National	WM. < 65 y.o. 1249	OS/multi	< 10 10-25 ≥ 25	Ref. 0.92 (0.59-1.45) 1.49 (0.92-2.41)	-
			WM ≥ 65 y.o. 2629	OS/uni	< 10 10-25 ≥ 25	Ref. 0.89 (0.76-1.04) 0.82 (0.69-0.98)^∗	Distance traveled less than 10 miles
				OS/multi	< 10 10-25 ≥ 25	Ref. 0.97 (0.81-1.15) 0.95 (0.76-1.19)	-
Gunaratne et al,³⁵ (2021)	NCBD 2004-2014	National	WM 3064	OS/multi	>20 9–20 4–9	Ref. 1.1 (0.83-1.26) 1.10 (0.89-1.36)	-
Ghiassi-Nejad et al,²³ (2019)	NCDB 2004-2013	National	PM P-bone 4056	OS/uni	≤ 12.5 12.6-50 > 50	Ref. 0.85 (0.76-0.95)^∗ 0.87 (0.73-1.04)	Distance less than 12.5 miles
			PM P-bone 4056	OS/multi	≤ 12.5 12.6-50 > 50	Ref. 0.91 (0.81-1.03) 0.97 (0.79-1.18)	-
			PM P-EM 1468	OS/multi	≤ 12.5 12.6-50 > 50	Ref. 0.98 (0.79-1.21) 0.93 (0.66-1.32)	-
Bhatt (2017)	NCDB 2003-2011	National	AML 60 738	1-month mortality/multi	≥ 34.8 0-4.9 5-11.9	Ref. 1.26 (1.18-1.34)^∗ 1.12 (1.05-1.19)^∗	Distance traveled 0 to 11.9 miles
Rodriguez et al,³³ (2008)	Institutional 1997-2005	OH	AML 281	OS/multi	Per 20 increase	1.00 (0.98-1.02)	-
Master et al,²⁸ (2016)	NCDB 1998 -2012	National	AML 67 443	OS/multi	≥ 30 < 30	Ref. 0.99 (0.97-1.02)	-
Freeman et al,³² (2016)	NC CCR 2003-2009	NC	AML. 553	OS/multi	< 20 > 20	Ref. 1.14 (0.85-1.52)	-
Borate et al,³⁸ (2015)	SEER 2007-2011	National	AML. 5541	OS/uni	< 20 20-70 70-200	Ref. 0.98 (0.91-1.04) 0.95 (0.89-1.02)	-
Dhakal et al,¹⁷ (2022)	NCDB 2004-2015	National	APL <65 y.o. 5380	1-month mortality	< 6 6-13.9 14-39.9	Ref. 0.71 (0.53-0.96)^† 0.87 (0.65-1.16)	Distance traveled to less than 6 miles
			APL ≥65 y.o. 1520	1-month mortality/multi	< 6 6-13.9 14-39.9	Ref. 1.1 (0.70-1.47) 1.01 (0.70-1.46)	-
			APL <65 y.o. 5380	OS/HR	< 6 6-13.9 14-39.9	Ref. 0.95 (0.80-1.12) 0.97 (0.82-1.15)	-
			APL ≥65 y.o. 1520	OS/multi	< 6 6-13.9 14-39.9 ≥ 40	Ref. 0.92 (0.76-1.12) 1.05 (0.88-1.27) 0.94 (0.77-1.15)	-
Treatment facility volume (patients treated per year)
Dhakal et al,²² (2019)	NCDB 2006-2012	National	NHL 132 402	1-month mortality/multi	Quartile1: lowest Quartile 2. Quartile 3. Quartile 4: highest^c	Ref. 1.1 (0.91-1.13) 0.92 (0.82-1.03) 0.89 (0.78-1.01)	-
				OS/multi	Quartile1: lowest Quartile 2. Quartile 3. Quartile 4: highest^c	Ref. 0.98 (0.95-1.01)^∗ 0.96 (0.92-0.99) 0.89 (0.84-0.94)^∗	Treatment at facility with lowest volume
Go (2016)	NCDB 1998-2011	National	NHL 278 985	OS/multi	Quartile 4: ≥33 Quartile 3: 21-32 Quartile 2:14-20 Quartile 1: 2-13	Ref. 1.05 (1.04-1.06)^∗ 1.08 (1.07-1.10)^∗ 1.14 (1.11-1.17)^∗	Treatment at facility with lowest volume
Gunaratne et al,³⁵ (2021)	NCBD 2004-2014	National	WM 3064	OS/multi	Quartile 4^c: highest Quartile 1: lowest Quartile 2 Quartile 3	Ref. 1.5 (1.18-1.88)^∗ 1.4 (1.17-1.72)^∗ 1.13 (0.92-1.38)	Treatment at facility with lowest volume
Go (2017)	NCDB 2003-2011	National	MM 94 722	OS/multi	Quartile 4: >10.3 Quartile 3: 6.2-10.3 Quartile 2: 3.6-6.1 Quartile 1: <3.6	Ref.^b 1.16 (1.1-1.22)^∗ 1.23 (1.16-1.3)^∗ 1.26 (1.17-1.3)^∗	Treatment at facility with lowest volume
Provider expertise
Loberiza et al,³⁰ (2009)	UNMC Database 1982-2006	NE	HL 2330	OS/multi	University-based Community-based	Ref. 1.26 (1.06-1.49)^∗	Rural patients treated by community-based providers
Shanafelt et al,²⁹ (2012)	The Mayo Clinic CLL Database 1999-2009	MN	CLL/SLL. 1309	OS/multi	CLL hematologist Hematologist	Ref. 1.49 (1.08-2.04)^∗	Treatment by a non-CLL hematologist
					Hematologist Fellow	Ref. 0.98 (0.64-1.50)	-

AML, acute myeloid leukemia; APL, acute promyelocytic leukemia; CA, California; CCR, California Cancer Registry; CI, confidential interval; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CSS, cancer-specific survival; Dx, diagnosis; HL, Hodgkin lymphoma; HR, Hazard Ratio; MM, Multiple myeloma; MN, Minnesota; multi, Multivariate analysis; N, Sample size; NC, North Carolina; NCDB, National Cancer Database; NC CCR, North Carolina Central Cancer Registry; NCCN, National Comprehensive Cancer Network; NCI-CCC, National Cancer Institute–designated comprehensive cancer center; NHL, non-Hodgkin Lymphoma; NS, not specified; OH, Ohio; P-bone, plasmacytoma originating in bone; P-EM, pasmacytoma originating in extramedullary; PFS, progression-free survival; PM, plasmacytoma; Ref., reference; SEER, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry; SLL, small lymphocytic lymphoma; TX, Texas; Tx, treatment; uni, univariate analysis; UNMC, University of Nebraska Medical Center Oncology Database; WM, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia; y.o., years old.

^∗

Reported as statistical significance by the author.

^†

Statistical significance but not discussed by the author.

^‡

Study reported results according to different periods. The most recent year was considered.