Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants according to the presence of MAFLD.
| Variablea | Overall (N = 76,727) | MAFLD |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| No, n = 61,511 | Yes, n = 15,216 | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years | 51.97±11.53 | 51.79±11.69 | 52.69±10.79 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 30,431 (39.7%) | 23,292 (37.9%) | 7,139 (46.9%) |
| Female | 46,296 (60.3%) | 38,219 (62.1%) | 8,077 (53.1%) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.10±3.42 | 23.35±3.07 | 27.11±3.06 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.88±0.07 | 0.87±0.07 | 0.93±0.06 |
| Han ethnicity | 46,212 (60.2%) | 36,368 (59.1%) | 9,844 (64.7%) |
| Urban area | |||
| Urban | 38,478 (50.1%) | 29,662 (48.2%) | 8,816 (57.9%) |
| Rural | 38,249 (49.9%) | 31,849 (51.8%) | 6,400 (42.1%) |
| Education level | |||
| Elementary school or below | 38,816 (50.6%) | 31,472 (51.2%) | 7,344 (48.3%) |
| Middle or high school | 29,315 (38.2%) | 23,269 (37.8%) | 6,046 (39.7%) |
| College or above | 8,596 (11.2%) | 6,770 (11.0%) | 1,826 (12.0%) |
| Annual household income, ¥ | |||
| <2,0000 | 27,255 (35.5%) | 22,303 (36.3%) | 4,952 (32.5%) |
| 2,0000-199,999 | 39,094 (51.0%) | 31,265 (50.8%) | 7,829 (51.5%) |
| ⩾200,000 |
10,378 (13.5%) |
7,943 (12.9%) |
2,435 (16.0%) |
| Lifestyle behaviors | |||
| Smoking Status | |||
| Never smoker | 56,928 (74.2%) | 46,234 (75.2%) | 10,694 (70.3%) |
| Current smoker | 15,896 (20.7%) | 12,374 (20.1%) | 3,522 (23.1%) |
| Previous smoker | 3,903 (5.1%) | 2,903 (4.7%) | 1,000 (6.6%) |
| Second-hand smoking exposure | 38,510 (50.2%) | 30,870 (50.2%) | 7,640 (50.2%) |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| Never | 43,209 (56.3%) | 35,055 (57.0%) | 8,154 (53.6%) |
| Low or Moderateb | 25,703 (33.5%) | 20,342 (33.1%) | 5,361 (35.2%) |
| Highb | 7,815 (10.2%) | 6,114 (9.9%) | 1,701 (11.2%) |
| Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1,644.38±607.05 | 1,630.78±602.38 | 1,699.32±622.58 |
| High-fat dietc | 42,512 (55.4%) | 33,828 (55.0%) | 8,684 (57.1%) |
| Low fruit or vegetable intaked | 26,992 (35.2%) | 21,612 (35.1%) | 5,380 (35.4%) |
| Physical activity | |||
| Low | 46,453 (60.5%) | 37,784 (61.4%) | 8,669 (57.0%) |
| Moderate | 4,798 (6.3%) | 3,788 (6.2%) | 1,010 (6.6%) |
| High | 25,476 (33.2%) | 19,939 (32.4%) | 5,537 (36.4%) |
| Biomass fuel exposure | |||
| Light | 12,104 (15.8%) | 9,680 (15.7%) | 2,424 (15.9%) |
| Moderate | 60,676 (79.1%) | 48,480 (78.8%) | 12,196 (80.2%) |
| Heavy |
3,947 (5.1%) |
3,351 (5.4%) |
596 (3.9%) |
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Central obesitye | 44,483 (58.0%) | 31,716 (51.6%) | 12,767 (83.9%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 8,575 (11.2%) | 4,886 (7.9%) | 3,689 (24.2%) |
| Family history of hypertension | 24,480 (31.9%) | 18,969 (30.8%) | 5,511 (36.2%) |
| Family history of diabetes mellitus | 8,294 (10.8%) | 5,942 (9.7%) | 2,352 (15.5%) |
MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; PM2.5, particulate matter 2.5 μm or less in diameter.
Mean ± SD or n (%) were used to present descriptive analysis of the data for continuous and categorical variables, respectively; differences between MAFLD and non-MAFLD participants were examined with t test (for continuous variables) and Chi-squared test (for categorical variables).
Low/moderate alcohol consumption was defined as consuming ≤20 g/day of alcohol for women or ≤30 g/day for men; high alcohol consumption was defined as consuming >20 g/day of alcohol for women or >30 g/day for men.
High-fat diet was defined as consuming fat ≥75 g/day.
Low fruit or vegetable intake was defined daily fruit and vegetable intake <500 g.
Central obesity was defined as a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.85 or higher for women and 0.9 or higher for men.