| Soudagar
et al.; dairy scum oil with biodiesel and GO as additive |
(biodiesel and biodiesel + GO) 20, 40, and 60 ppm |
biodiesel BTE is less compared
to diesel but increased when
GO is added, which reduces ignition delay and improves thermal exchange
process |
reduced compared to biodiesel when GO is added
as GO acts as
a fuel catalyst |
decreased when GO is added, due to better
atomization of fuel |
decreased due to higher oxygen concentration |
similar to diesel but found highest for GO 60 ppm, due to high viscosity and flame temperature |
reduced when GO is added up to 40 ppm, due to larger surface-area-to-volume ratio of GO |
(39) |
| Hoseini et al.; biodiesel with
GO additive |
(3-biodiesel + 3- GO) 30, 60, and 90 ppm |
increases due
to GO catalytic activity, which reduces ignition
delay |
decreased due to increase of cetane number |
decreased due to high oxygen content and cetane number that
reduced ignition delay |
decreased due to high oxygen
content when GO concentration
is increased |
less compared to biodiesel with the addition
of GO |
|
(40) |
| Khan et al.; biodiesel
emulsion with GO additive |
(biodiesel + 4GO) 30, 60, 90, and 120 ppm |
increases with increase in
GO concentration as GO acts as an
oxygen buffer |
decreased due to GO’s high catalytic
activity and reactive
surface area |
decreased due to high catalytic activity
of GO, which accelerates
combustion |
decreased as GO enhances oxidation, combustion
rate, and calorific
value |
increased due to excess oxygen content in biodiesel
and oxygen
buffering additive |
reduced due to high thermal conductivity
of GO |
(41) |
| Razzaq et al.; palm biodiesel with GO additive |
(biodiesel + 3 GO) 40, 80, and 120 ppm |
increases as GO improves ignition
delay |
decreased as GO improves the combustion mechanism
due to high
thermal conductivity |
decreases with increase in GO concentration
due to its large
reactive surface |
decreased due to excess oxygen content
with increase in GO
concentration |
reduced due to the improved ignition delay
with the addition
of GO |
|
(42) |
| Hoseini et al.; biodiesel
with GO additive |
(biodiesel + 3 GO) 30, 60, and 90 ppm |
increased due
to decrease in combustion duration and increased
heat of evaporation of fuel |
decreased due to higher
latent heat of vaporization |
decreases due to extra oxygen
content as it improves the combustion
process |
decreased due to high cetane number of biodiesel
and large
surface area for reaction of GO |
increased due to excess
oxygen content and high in-cylinder
temperature |
|
(43) |
| El-Seesy et al.; higher alcohol
blends with GO as additive |
(3 alcohols + 2 GO) 25 and 50 ppm |
increased due to enhanced cylinder pressure and improved
combustion
rate |
decreased due to improved carbon oxidation rate |
decreased due to high oxygen content and shorter combustion
duration |
decreased due to enhanced combustion efficiency
and advanced
combustion phasing |
increased as the improved combustion
process increases the
in-cylinder temperature |
reduced due to GO large surface
area of reaction |
(44) |
