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. 2023 Nov 9;12:50. doi: 10.1186/s40035-023-00384-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Intranasal delivery of iPSC-derived CNSC-SE improved the excessive anti-inflammatory response. a Confocal images of GFAP immunostaining in the whole brains of 5×FAD (AD model mice) and CNSC-SE-treated 5×FAD mice. b Representative images of Aβ (6E10) plaques and astrocyte (GFAP) co-staining in the cortex of 5×FAD mice and CNSC-SE-treated 5×FAD mice. c Quantification of GFAP-positive astrocytes and internalized Aβ using the Image J software. Scale bars, 20 μm. iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cells; CNSC-SE, cortical neural stem cell secretome; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein