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. 2023 Nov 9;21:427. doi: 10.1186/s12916-023-03136-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Joint effects of telomere length and known risk factors on NAFLD. Abbreviations: NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; HR, hazards ratio; CI, confidence interval; TDI, Townsend deprivation index; APS, air pollution score; PRS, polygenic risk score; T1, T2, and T3, first, second and third tertile of telomere length. For each analysis, the first groups were the reference categories, as the HR (95% CI) was 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00). Genetic analysis adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, BMI, cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, lifestyle, air pollution score, the top 10 genetic principal components, and genotyping batch. Other analysis adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, BMI, cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, lifestyle and air pollution score