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. 2023 Oct 25;14:1289218. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1289218

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Copyright © 2023 Lançon and Séguéla.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proposed Model of NAergic Modulation of ACC Circuits. NAergic signaling in the ACC excites pyramidal neurons and activates astrocytes. α2 and α1 receptor activation increases EPSCs on pyramidal neurons by decreasing the open channel probability of HCN channels and promoting presynaptic glutamate release, respectively. α1 and β2 signaling activate astrocytes. NE, norepinephrine; HCN, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels; AC, adenyl cyclase; Gln, glutamine; PLC, phospholipase C; PAG, periaqueductal gray; S1, somatosensory cortex 1; PrL, prelimbic cortex; MDT, medial dorsal thalamus; SC, spinal cord; CeA, central nucleus of amygdala; RVM, rostral ventromedial medulla; NAc, nucleus accumbens; VTA, ventral tegmental area.