Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients according to being or not being diagnosed with CKD.
| Baseline variables | No/low CKD risk (n = 296) |
CKD (n = 190) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 58.4 (10.7) | 66.6 (10.1) | <0.001 |
| Sex, female, n (%) | 157 (53.0) | 80 (42.1) | 0.020 |
| Time since T2D DG, years, median (IQR) | 8.0 (3.0, 14.0) | 12.0 (7.0, 20.0) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 8.30 (1.90) | 8.75 (1.79) | 0.010 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 147.0 (116.0, 184.0) | 158.5 (126.5, 211.5) | 0.026 |
| TyG index | 9.41 (0.71) | 9.62 (0.67) | 0.001 |
| TyG index >8.8, n (%) | 235 (80.8) | 165 (89.7) | 0.010 |
| Body weight, kg | 98.9 (19.3) | 98.5 (16.7) | 0.808 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 36.5 (6.5) | 36.4 (5.8) | 0.853 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 116.9 (12.9) | 120.2 (15.1) | 0.232 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 89.79 (14.37) | 49.5 (38.0, 84.0) | <0.001 |
| UACR, mg/g, median (IQR) | 6.00 (4.62, 10.00) | 58.00 (10.00, 175.00) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 0.80 (0.70, 0.90) | 1.20 (0.90, 1.60) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 172.6 (40.1) | 165.5 (39.7) | 0.060 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 97.5 (35.7) | 86.2 (31.1) | <0.001 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 43.7 (10.1) | 40.3 (9.8) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 172.5 (114.3, 216.8) | 182.0 (138.8, 240.8) | 0.009 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 132.0 (16.3) | 134.5 (15.9) | 0.126 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 77.1 (9.8) | 76.6 (10.4) | 0.594 |
| AIP, median (IQR), median (IQR) | 0.61 (0.42, 0.74) | 0.67 (0.52, 0.81) | <0.001 |
| AIP >0.24, n (%) | 259 (90.9) | 172 (94.5) | 0.212 |
| HSI | 49.27 (7.53) | 48.94 (7.46) | 0.669 |
| HSI ≥36, n (%) | 234 (99.6) | 153 (98.7) | 0.566 |
| FIB-4, median (IQR) | 1.07 (0.79, 1.36) | 1.25 (0.93, 1.59) | 0.002 |
| FIB-4 >2.67, n (%) | 6 (2.6) | 5 (3.3) | 0.759 |
| Previous history of | |||
| CHD, n (%) | 42 (14.2) | 50 (26.3) | 0.001 |
| CVD, n (%) | 4 (1.3) | 16 (8.4) | <0.001 |
| PAD, n (%) | 15 (5.1) | 32 (16.8) | <0.001 |
| HF, n (%) | 10 (3.4) | 26 (13.8) | <0.001 |
| NAFLD, n (%) | 54 (18.4) | 36 (19.1) | 0.905 |
| Hypoglycemic medications | |||
| Metformin, n (%) | 256 (86.5) | 126 (66.3) | <0.001 |
| Glitazones, n (%) | 7 (2.4) | 3 (1.6) | 0.747 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors, n (%) | 61 (20.7) | 58 (30.5) | 0.017 |
| iSGLT2, n (%) | 138 (46.6) | 100 (52.6) | 0.227 |
| Sulfonylureas, n (%) | 33 (11.2) | 11 (5.8) | 0.052 |
| GLP-1 RAs* | 113 (38.3) | 64 (33.7) | 0.334 |
| Insulin, long-acting, n (%) | 126 (42.6) | 133 (70.0) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, rapid-acting, n (%) | 56 (18.9) | 71 (38.0) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, long-acting, IU/mL, median (IQR) | 36.0 (22.0, 50.0) | 44.0 (29.0, 61.0) | 0.009 |
| Insulin, rapid-acting, IU/mL, median (IQR) | 18.0 (12.0, 30.0) | 20.0 (15.2, 30.0) | 0.310 |
| Other medications | |||
| ACEI | 198 (66.9) | 159 (84.6) | <0.001 |
| Beta blockers | 60 (20.3) | 61 (32.3) | 0.004 |
| Alpha blockers | 8 (2.7) | 17 (9.0) | 0.005 |
| Diuretics | 93 (31.5) | 111 (59.0) | <0.001 |
| CCBs | 66 (22.4) | 85 (45.0) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 191 (64.5) | 157 (82.6) | <0.001 |
| PCSK9 inhibitors | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | 1.000 |
| Fibrates | 16 (5.4) | 15 (8.0) | 0.341 |
| Ezetimibe | 32 (10.8) | 36 (19.3) | 0.011 |
| Anticoagulant drugs | 17 (5.8) | 21 (11.1) | 0.038 |
| Antiaggregant drugs | 87 (29.4) | 87 (45.8) | <0.001 |
Data are mean (SD), except where otherwise indicated. CKD diagnosis was made according to KDIGO guidelines (19). There were 10 patients who were classified in the group of high/very high CKD risk because their baseline eGFR values were <45 mL/min/1.73 m2, who did not have their baseline UACR assessed, and so they could not be further stratified as being of high or very high CKD risk. There were missed data for several variables, although their proportion was usually insignificant and occurred in >10% of the entire cohort in the following variables only: waist circumference, LDL, SBP, DBP, HSI, FIB-4, and insulin dose, either long-acting and rapid-acting. *Switched to semaglutide immediately after study recruitment. In order to compare the no/low CKD risk group and the CKD group, the two-tailed unpaired t test and the two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test were used for quantitative variables following parametric or non-parametric distribution, respectively. The two-tailed Fisher’s exact test was used to compare qualitative variables.
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; AIP, atherogenic index of plasma; BMI, body mass index; CCBs, calcium channel blockers; CHD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DG, diagnosis; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FIB-4, fibrosis-4 score; GLP-1 RAs, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; HF, heart failure; HSI, hepatic steatosis index; IQR, interquartile range; iSGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PCSK9, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; TyG index, triglyceride-glucose index; UACR, urine albumin to creatinine ratio.