Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics by Proton Pump Inhibitor Use, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, 2011–2013
| Exposure to proton pump inhibitors before baseline | ||||
| 0 d (N = 4,222) | 1 d–2.8 ya (N = 497) | 2.8–4.4 ya (N = 496) | >4.4 ya (N = 497) | |
| Age | 75.3 (5.1) | 75.5 (5.2) | 75.4 (5.0) | 75.9 (5.1) |
| Male | 1837 (43.5) | 164 (33.0) | 184 (37.1) | 187 (37.6) |
| Black | 954 (22.6) | 150 (30.2) | 96 (19.4) | 65 (13.1) |
| Education | ||||
| Basic | 541 (12.8) | 77 (15.6) | 64 (12.9) | 70 (14.1) |
| Intermediate | 1717 (40.7) | 208 (41.9) | 269 (54.2) | 221 (44.5) |
| Advanced | 1964 (46.5) | 212 (42.7) | 163 (32.9) | 206 (41.4) |
| Body mass index | 28.6 (5.7) | 29.3 (5.9) | 29.4 (5.7) | 29.4 (5.5) |
| Hypertension (%) | 3,088 (73.1) | 389 (78.3) | 374 (75.4) | 395 (79.5) |
| H2 receptor antagonist use (%) | 271 (6.4) | 37 (7.4) | 37 (7.5) | 37 (7.4) |
| Diabetes (%) | 1,308 (31.0) | 169 (34.0) | 176 (35.5) | 189 (38.0) |
| APOE (e4 carrier) (%) | 1,192 (28.2) | 109 (21.9) | 135 (27.2) | 104 (20.9) |
| Smoking (%) | ||||
| Never | 1,601 (37.9) | 202 (40.6) | 184 (37.1) | 182 (36.6) |
| Former | 1969 (46.6) | 217 (43.7) | 253 (51.0) | 247 (49.7) |
| Current | 259 (6.1) | 31 (6.2) | 20 (4.0) | 20 (4.0) |
| Aspirin use (%) | 2,816 (66.7) | 372 (74.8) | 375 (75.6) | 390 (78.5) |
| Anticholinergic use (%) | 18 (0.4) | 4 (0.8) | 11 (2.2) | 6 (1.2) |
| Vitamin B12 use (%) | 176 (4.2%) | 23 (4.6) | 28(5.6) | 32 (6.4) |
All values are mean (SD) or frequency (%) as indicated. Some percentages will not add to 100% due to missing information.
Hypertension defined as systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg, and/or on antihypertensive medication.
Diabetes was defined as treatment for diabetes, a fasting glucose level of ≥126 mg/dL, nonfasting glucose level ≥200 mg/dL, and/or a self-reported history of a physician diagnosis of diabetes. Education defined as basic (less than completed high school), intermediate (high school or equivalent), or advanced (at least some college). Vitamin B12 use was defined as a participant who reported taking a medication with vitamin B12 or B complex.
Minimum PPI use was 112 d (0.31 y), maximum use was 20.3 y. The median use was 3.8 y; the mean use was 4.4 y.