Figure 2. Metformin induced CNDP2-dependent Lac-Phe production in vitro.
(A) Lac-Phe concentrations in conditioned media from various cell lines and primary cells when treated with metformin at doses indicated below. (B-D) Lac-Phe concentrations compared to basal Lac-Phe production in wild-type primary macrophages (B), Caco-2 cells (C), and BV-2 cells (D) with metformin treatment. N = 3 for all groups. P values were calculated with Welch’s ANOVA test in (A) and multiple unpaired t tests with Welch and Bonferroni-Dunn corrections in (B-D).