Table 4.

Morphological comparison between Penicillium vietnamense and its closest species.

Morphological features	Penicillium vietnamense	Penicillium chermesinum	Penicillium cuddlyae	Penicillium indicum	Penicillium lunae
Type strain	VTCC 930029 = NTU DW14M = NITIA DW14M	NRRL 2048 = CBS 231.81	PPRI 26355 = CMV016A6	CBS 115.63 = NRRL 3387	PPRI 25881 = CMV006E6
Colonies on CYA 7 days, 25/30/37 °C	33–35/37–39/27–28 mm	Growth at 37 °C	24–26/31–33/19–21 mm	Growth at 37 °C	34–36/28–29 mm/no growth
Colonies on CYA with 5% NaCl (CYAS) 7 days, 25 °C	32–35 mm		19–20 mm		33–35 mm
Colonies on CREA 7 days, 25 °C	19–21 mm, strong acid production		12–14 mm, no acid production
Sclerotia production	No	No	No	Yes	No
Conidiophores	Monoverticillate, miner proportion biverticillate	Strictly monoverticillate with no branched structures observed	Monoverticillate	Almost entirely monoverticillate and only occasionally showing a branch	Monoverticillate, miner proportion biverticillate
Stipes	Smooth-walled, 14–31 × 1.5–3.1 μm	Smooth-walled, mostly 20–40 (−50) × 2.0–2.5 µm	Smooth-walled, 20–45 × 2–3 μm	Smooth or finely roughened, 50–100 ×  2.0–2.5 μm	Smooth-walled, 13–60 × 2–3 (−3.5) μm
Vesicle	3.5–4.0 μm wide	4.0–4.5 µm wide	5–6 μm wide		5–7 μm; metulae two when present, 18–30 × 2–3(−3.5) μm
Phialides	Ampulliform, usually 8–15 per vesicle, 9 − 11 ×  1.7–2.8 μm	Sterigmata crowded, often incurved, usually 10–15 per vesicle, 6–8 × 2.0–2.5 µm	Ampulliform, 10–20 per vesicle, 8–10 × 2–3 μm (9 ± 0.7 × 2.6 ± 0.2)	Sterigmata mostly in compact clusters, up to 12 or 15 per vesicle, 7–9 × 2.0–2.5 µm	Ampulliform, 10–20 per vesicle, (7.5) 8–10 × 2–3 μm (8.8 ± 0.8 × 2.5 ± 0.4); average length metula/phialide 2.5 µm
Conidia	Smooth-walled (light microscopy), delicately roughened with very short ridges (scanning electron microscopy), subglobose to globose, 1.9–2.5 × 2.1–2.7 µm	Smooth, elliptical, 2.0–2.5 × 1.5–2.0 µm, appearing faintly green in mass.	Smooth-walled, ellipsoid, often almost appearing cylindrical, 2–3 × 2.5–2 μm (2.5 ± 0.2 × 1.8 ± 0.2), average length/width = 0.73, n = 54	Smooth, elliptical to subglobose, 2.0–2.5 (−3.0) µm, appearing slightly green under the microscope	Smooth-walled, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 2–3 (−3.5) × 1.5–2 (−2.5) μm (2.2 ± 0.4 × 1.8 ± 0.2), average width/length = 1.2, n = 70
Reference	This study	[1]	[33]	[34,35]	[36]