Table 1. Characteristics of the subjects.
| Items | High HbA1c | Healthy 1 | p | DM | Healthy 2 | p | ||||||||||
| No .a | 151 | (100.0) | 302 | (100.0) | 133 | (100.0) | 266 | (100.0) | ||||||||
| male | 81 | (53.6) | 162 | (53.6) | n.s.$ | 73 | (54.9) | 146 | (54.9) | n.s.$ | ||||||
| female | 70 | (46.4) | 140 | (46.4) | 60 | (45.1) | 120 | (45.1) | ||||||||
| Age (year)b | 63.6 ± 9.9 | 63.1 ± 9.4 | n.s.# | 63.8 ± 9.7 | 63.7 ± 9.61 | n.s.# | ||||||||||
| Smoking habit a | ||||||||||||||||
| never smoker | 74 | (49.0) | 170 | (56.3) | n.s.$ | 63 | (47.4) | 142 | (53.4) | n.s.$ | ||||||
| ex-smoker | 35 | (23.2) | 51 | (16.9) | 34 | (25.6) | 54 | (20.3) | ||||||||
| current smoker | 42 | (27.8) | 81 | (26.8) | 36 | (27.1) | 70 | (26.3) | ||||||||
| Alcohol consumption a | ||||||||||||||||
| non-drinker | 79 | (52.3) | 206 | (68.2) | ***$ | 77 | (57.9) | 183 | (68.8) | n.s.$ | ||||||
| ex-drinker | 7 | (4.6) | 7 | (2.3) | 17 | (12.8) | 8 | (3.0) | ||||||||
| regular drinker | 64 | (42.4) | 87 | (28.8) | 39 | (29.3) | 74 | (27.8) | ||||||||
| Physical exercise a | ||||||||||||||||
| none | 100 | (66.2) | 207 | (68.5) | n.s.$ | 80 | (60.2) | 179 | (67.3) | n.s.$ | ||||||
| 1-2 hours/week | 27 | (17.9) | 43 | (14.2) | 20 | (15.0) | 35 | (13.2) | ||||||||
| 3-4 hours/week | 9 | (6.0) | 25 | (8.2) | 14 | (10.5) | 25 | (9.4) | ||||||||
| 5+ hours/week | 13 | (8.6) | 27 | (8.9) | 16 | (12.0) | 25 | (9.4) | ||||||||
High HbA1c: the subjects with no history of diabetes mellitus with HbA1c values of 5.6% or more.
DM: the subjects with history of diabetes mellitus
Healthy1: the healthy control group for High HbA1c group, Healthy2: the healthy control group for DM group.
a : The number and percentage in parenthesis.
b : mean ± standard deviation.
#: t test,$ : chi-square test, ***: p<0.001