Table 4. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of vegetables for high HbA1c and diabetes mellitus.
| Intake frequency of vegetables or fruits | OR for high HbA1c | OR for DM | |||
| Crude OR | Adjusted OR | Crude OR | Adjusted OR | ||
| Green leaf vegetables | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 0.92(0.50-1.72) | 0.96(0.50-1.83) | 1.10(0.72-1.66) | 1.08(0.71-1.66) | |
| Carrot or Pumpkin | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 0.49(0.29-0.85)* | 0.52(0.29-0.95)* | 1.21(0.79-1.84) | 1.19(0.76-1.85) | |
| Tomato | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 0.69(0.39-1.23) | 0.71(0.39-1.28) | 0.84(0.55-1.28) | 0.84(0.55-1.29) | |
| Cabbage or Lettuce | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 1.19(0.58-2.45) | 1.14(0.53-2.44) | 1.02(0.67-1.55) | 1.03(0.61-1.59) | |
| Chinese cabbage | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 0.92(0.55-1.55) | 0.94(0.55-1.60) | 0.74(0.44-1.23) | 0.71(0.44-1.21) | |
| Seaweeds | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 1.02(0.55-1.90) | 1.07(0.56-2.05) | 0.91(0.59-1.38) | 0.83(0.53-1.28) | |
| Oranges | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 0.75(0.44-1.27) | 0.87(0.50-1.52) | 0.57(0.32-1.03) | 0.59(0.32-1.10) | |
| Other Fruits | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 0.87(0.53-1.43) | 1.08(0.61-1.91) | 1.11(0.72-1.71) | 1.23(0.79-1.94) | |
Low: 1-2 times/week or less, High: 3-4 times/week or more
95% confidence intervals in parentheses.
Adjusted OR : Odds ratio adjusted for smoking habit and alcohol consumption.
*: p<0.05