Fig. 1. Solvent-induced dissolution effect for SEI components.

a Schematic of solvent-induced selective dissolution for SEI, where the SEI components are screened based on their solubility in solvents. b NMR spectra of pure GBL solvent and GBL after soaking the cycled Si electrodes. c Relative elemental content of Si electrodes (analyzed by XPS spectra) that were electrochemically cycled and then soaked with various solvents. d Schematic of the formation process of SD-SEI in the GBL-based electrolyte. e, f The snapshots of MD simulation boxed showing typical SEI species (LEDC, lithium ethoxide, LEC, and lithium fluorophosphates) in GBL solvents (e) and EC solvents (f), where the molecules of SEI species are depicted by ball-stick models and the GBL and EC molecules are illustrated by wireframes. g Li-O g(r) in GBL and EC solvents. h The MSD analysis of CO₃CH₂CH₂CO₃²⁻ (anion of LEDC), Li⁺, CH₃CH₂O⁻, CH₃CH₂CO₃⁻ (anion of LEC), and PF₂O⁻ ions in GBL and EC solvents. Source data in b, g, h are provided as a Source data file.