Skip to main content
. 2023 Nov 9;14:7249. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43167-5

Fig. 6. Inoculation of B. adolescentis and B. virosa improves post-MI cardiac function in germ-free mice.

Fig. 6

a Shotgun metagenomics analysis revealed the enrichment of ketogenesis in STEMIT1 samples. Abundance of genes encoding ketogenic enzymes in Ctrl and STEMI samples is presented in the dot plot. b Butyrate production capabilities of B. adolescentis, B. virosa and S. parasanguinis. c β-hydroxybutyrate production capabilities of B. adolescentis, B. virosa and S. parasanguinis. d Experimental design of the myocardial infarction (MI) model in gnotobiotic mice inoculated with B. adolescentis, B. virosa and S. parasanguinis (upper panel). The survival curve of gnotobioic mice subjected to MI for 21 days (lower panel). e Changes in bacterial load in gnotobiotic mice determined with 16S rRNA qPCR. f Bacterial load of B. adolescentis, B. virosa and S. parasanguinis in gnotobiotic mice. g Echocardiographic analysis of the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF, %) and fraction shortening (FS, %) in gnotobiotic mice on MI day 21. h Post-MI cardiac function analysis in gnotobiotic mice, evaluating ESPVR, EDPVR, PRSW and dP/dt max (vs. EDV) using cardiac catheterization. i Representative histology of cardiac infarct size (left panel) and statistics (right panel) in gnotobiotic mice on MI day 21. Cardiac tissues were stained with picrosirius red to label fibrosis. j Colorimetric analysis of the plasma level of β-hydroxybutyrate in gnotobiotic mice on MI day 21. k Representative images of the gut in gnotobiotic mice (left panel), intestinal length (upper right panel) and the length of colon (lower right panel) on MI day 21. The number of biologically independent samples and mice are indicated in each chart. Data were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis test followed by FDR correction. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. ACAT Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, HMGCS 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, HMGCL 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) 2 lyase, OXCT succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA transferase (OXCT), ADC acetoacetate decarboxylase, BDH beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, Bifidobacterium adolescentis (B. adolescentis); Butyricimonas virosa (B. virosa); Streptococcus parasanguinis (S. parasanguinis).